INTRODUCTION: Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. METHODS: We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. RESULTS: qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. DISCUSSION: Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.

• MeSH
• Aeromonas hydrophila * imunologie   MeSH
• cytokiny * metabolismus   imunologie   MeSH
• erytrocyty * imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• fagocytóza imunologie   MeSH
• gramnegativní bakteriální infekce * imunologie   MeSH
• kapři * imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• nemoci ryb * imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• PAMP struktury imunologie   MeSH
• přirozená imunita MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The escalating mass influx of people to Europe in the 21st century due to geopolitical and economic reasons as well as food crises ignites significant challenges for national health care services. The lack or disruption of cross-border, e-transferred, health-related data negatively affects the health outcome and continuous care, particularly in medically compromised individuals with an unsettled status. Proposal: The urgent need of a structured database, in the form of a health-related data register funded by the European Union that allows a swift exchange of crucial medical data, was discussed to flag ever-increasing migrants' health problems, with a primary aim to support an adequate health care provision for underserved people who are at risk of deteriorating health. The data security information technology aspects, with a proposed and drafted structure of an e-health register, were succinctly highlighted. Conclusions: Focusing on long-term benefits and considering future waves of mass relocation, an investment in a health-related data register in Europe could vastly reduce health care disparities between minority groups and improve epidemiological situations with regard to major illnesses, including common, communicable diseases as well as oncological and infectious conditions. Commissioners, policymakers, and stakeholders are urged to continue a collective action to ensure vulnerable people can access health services by responding to the ongoing global migration crisis.

• MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• infekční nemoci * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osoby s přechodným pobytem a migranti * MeSH
• uprchlíci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

The research and development of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) has been active in Europe and worldwide during recent years. Yet, the number of licensed products remains low. The main expected legal change in the near future in the European Union (EU) concerns the regulation on clinical trials (536/2014), which will come into force in 2018. With this new framework, a more harmonized and swift process for approval of clinical trials is anticipated, which is expected to support the entry of new innovations into the EU market. A survey on ATMPs in clinical trials during 2010-2015 in the EU was conducted in order to study the trends of ATMP development since the earlier survey published in 2012. According to the results, the number of clinical trials using ATMPs is slowly increasing in the EU. Yet, the focus is still in early development, and the projects are mainly carried out by small and medium-sized enterprises, academia, and hospitals. Oncology is the main area of clinical development. Yet, the balance between cell-based products and gene therapy medicinal products in this area may be changing in the future due to the new T-cell technologies. Many limitations and challenges are identified for ATMP development, requiring proportionate regulatory requirements. On the other hand, for such a novel field, the developers should be active in considering possible constraints and actively engage with authorities to look for solutions. This article provides up to-date information on forthcoming regulatory improvements and discusses the main challenges hampering the commercialization of ATMPs in the EU.

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum ekonomika   zákonodárství a právo   normy   MeSH
• Evropská unie MeSH
• farmaceutický průmysl ekonomika   zákonodárství a právo   normy   MeSH
• klinické zkoušky jako téma ekonomika   zákonodárství a právo   normy   MeSH
• transfer technologií * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Ovocné destiláty jsou alkoholické nápoje s dlouhou tradicí výroby i konzumace po celém světě. Společnými kroky výroby všech druhů ovocných destilátů jsou příprava ovocného kvasu a jeho následná destilace. Způsobem provedení výroby ovocných destilátů je možné ovlivnit jejich složení a organoleptické vlastnosti. Tento článek představuje náhled do problematiky vlivu výrobní technologie na analytický profil ovocných destilátů a do souvislostí mezi složením destilátů a jejich organoleptickými vlastnostmi. Popsán je zde také právní rámec výroby a distribuce ovocných destilátů.

Fruit spirits are alcoholic beverages and their production and consumption has a long tradition all around the world. Common steps in production of all kinds of fruit spirits are fermentation and distillation of fermented mash. The manner in which the production process is carried out can affect the composition and organoleptic properties of fruit spirits. This article is a swift preview of problematics of relations between production technology of fruit spirits, their composition and organoleptic properties. It also describes legislation of production and distribution of fruit distillates.

The current Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shown us that the pharmaceutical research community can organize and administer large nonprofit clinical trials (RECOVERY and SOLIDARITY) and achieve the swift development of common, unpatentable drugs for a new indication: in this case an old, inexpensive drug, dexamethasone, for COVID-19. Why is it that such nonprofit efforts are so rare and are not organized as a systemic, routine part of drug development in the public interest? Based on my own experience with repurposing the alcohol-abuse drug disulfiram (Antabuse) for cancer, I identify at least four serious deadlocks to development of nonprofit drugs. All of these obstacles should be addressed to leverage the potential of the COVID-19 pandemic for better future healthcare systems in all countries around the world.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• disulfiram MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neziskové organizace MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by Brucella, which poses a great threat to human health and animal husbandry. Pathogen surveillance is an important measure to prevent brucellosis, but the traditional method is time-consuming and not suitable for field applications. In this study, a recombinase polymerase amplification-SYBR Green I (RPAS) assay was developed for the rapid and visualized detection of Brucella in the field by targeting BCSP31 gene, a conserved marker. The method was highly specific without any cross-reactivity with other common bacteria and its detection limit was 2.14 × 104 CFU/mL or g of Brucella at 40 °C for 20 min. It obviates the need for costly instrumentation and exhibits robustness towards background interference in serum, meat, and milk samples. In summary, the RPAS assay is a rapid, visually intuitive, and user-friendly detection that is highly suitable for use in resource-limited settings. Its simplicity and ease of use enable swift on-site detection of Brucella, thereby facilitating timely implementation of preventive measures.

• MeSH
• Brucella * genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• brucelóza * diagnóza   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• mléko mikrobiologie   MeSH
• rekombinasy * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• skot MeSH
• techniky amplifikace nukleových kyselin * metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) represents the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite excellent prognoses exceeding 90% in 10-year follow-up, there are clinically controversial issues. One of these is extrathyroidal tumour extension invading recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). The spread outside of the thyroid parenchyma and invasion to the surrounding structures, classified as always T4a, are the most important negative prognostic factor for the WDTC. Conversely, resection of the RLN leads to vocal cord paralysis with hoarseness, possible swallowing problems, and finally decreased quality of life. We propose a new algorithm for intraoperative management based on the MACIS classification, which would allow swift status evaluation pre/intraoperatively and consider a possibility to preserve the infiltrated RLN without compromising an oncological radicality. In the case of a preoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) and confirmation of the invasive carcinoma, a resection of the RLN and the nerve graft reconstruction are indicated. Preoperatively, unaffected vocal cord movement and intraoperatively detected RLN infiltration by the invasive WDTC require an individual assessment of the oncological risk by the proposed algorithm. Preservation of the infiltrated RLN is oncologically acceptable only in specific groups of patients of a younger age with a minor size of primary tumour.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• ezofágus patologie   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• larynx patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy metabolismus   patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• nervus laryngeus recurrens metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• ochrnutí hlasivek komplikace   patologie   MeSH
• trachea patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: In the Czech Republic (CZ) extensive price regulation and prescribing conditions are common instruments often employed with new drugs. Since the introduction of statins onto the market in 1990s the originally strict conditions gradually relaxed while the prescription rates and public costs were rising. The aim was to analyze long-term utilization trends of statins, changes in their reimbursement prices and prescribing conditions, and the evolution of the market. METHODS: From January 1997 to December 2013 statin use was measured in terms of defined daily doses per 1000 insured per day (DDD/TID). The prescription-based database of the General Health Insurance Company of the Czech Republic in 1997 covering 7825,216 inhabitants, i.e. 76% of CZ population, was used as the administrative data source. Also the overall expenditure, unit prices, and reimbursement criteria were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 2013 the utilization of statins rose from 2 to 96 DDD/TID while the expenditure rose 5.5-fold. The rise of prescription for each molecule was always observed after the liberation of the prescribing criteria. In the study period reimbursement prices of simvastatin and atorvastatin gradually decreased to just 5% of their initial values. CONCLUSIONS: The rising consumption of statins in CZ clearly corresponds in time with the liberation of prescribing conditions allowing for prescription by general practitioners and with the introduction of generics accompanied by a swift and repeated reimbursement price cuts.

• MeSH
• atorvastatin ekonomika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dávkové mechanismy ekonomika   MeSH
• lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění ekonomika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• náhrada léků ekonomika   MeSH
• náklady na léky statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• simvastatin ekonomika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• statiny ekonomika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• zdravotní pojištění ekonomika   MeSH
• zdravotní politika ekonomika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• dermatologie MeSH
• nádory kůže MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• NLK Obory
• dermatovenerologie
• onkologie

Alimentární infekce způsobené různými potravinovými patogeny v dnešní době obecně představují nezanedbatelnou hrozbu pro veřej - né zdraví. Nicméně využití tradičních a standardizovaných ISO metod pro kontrolu potravin postrádá potřebnou rychlost a spolehlivost pro detekci, identifikaci a kvantifikaci těchto mikroorganismů. Zejména v případě termotolerantních Campylobacter spp., jež jsou v sou - časné době nejčastější příčinnou lidských gastroenteritid bakteriálního původu, je využití těchto metod v praxi obzvláště problematické. Praktickým východiskem výše popsaných nedostatků kultivačních metod je bezesporu zavedení rozličných molekulárně-genetických technik.

Alimentary infections caused by various food-borne pathogens generally pose a threat to public health. The standardised ISO methods usually used for food control sometimes lack swiftness and reliability necessary for detection, identification and quantification of these microorganisms. Especially in the case of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., which are the most common cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, usage of these methods in practice is somehow problematic. Practical solution of abovementioned issues linked with cultivation based methods are indisputably various molecular-genetic techniques

• MeSH
• bakteriální infekce diagnóza   MeSH
• Campylobacter * izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kampylobakterové infekce * diagnóza   MeSH
• kontaminace potravin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci přenášené potravou mikrobiologie   MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   využití   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH