This paper reviews the use of psychotherapeutic approaches to treat individuals who have committed sex crimes and/or have problematic sexual interests (PSI); including types of psychotherapy used, descriptions of preventive and reintegration programmes, and highlighting specific theoretical controversies. In the second part, experts from Canada, the Czech Republic, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, who participated in an International Consensus Meeting held in Prague (2017), summarize treatment programmes in their countries. The comparison revealed some general findings: each country has variability between its own programmes; most countries have different programmes for people who are in custody and who are in the community; the state-directed treatment programmes are primarily focused on criminal individuals, while non-criminal individuals are treated in preventive programmes and/or in special clinics or are untreated; the presence of PSI in patients is acknowledged in most programmes, although specific programmes exclusively for individuals with PSI rarely exist. Studies on effectiveness are difficult to compare due to methodologic, political, and cultural differences. Further communication between more countries to share knowledge about successful treatments and preventive approaches is needed, especially enhanced international collaboration between researchers and clinicians to verify the effectiveness of current clinical and experimental program, rs.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• parafilie prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• psychoterapie * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• zločinci zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Severní Amerika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of child overweight in the Czech Republic is substantially lower than that in the USA. The objective of the present pilot study was to explore dietary intakes, frequency of dining in fast-food establishments, and the amount and intensity of physical activity between a sample of American and Czech children. DESIGN: A cross-sectional correlational pilot study. SETTING: Four public schools in the USA and four public schools in the Czech Republic. SUBJECTS: Ninety-five Czech and forty-four American 4-6th graders from urban public schools participated in the study. Dietary intake and number of fast-food visits were evaluated using two multiple-pass 24 h recalls. Physical activity was measured using the modified Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist. RESULTS: American children (mean age 10.8 (SE 0.2) years) consumed more energy and fat, less fruits and vegetables, more soft drinks, and visited fast-food establishments more often than Czech children (mean age 11.0 (SE 0.1) years). Although no differences were found in vigorous activity by nationality, Czech children spent significantly more time in moderate physical activities than American children. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the influx of some negative Western dietary trends into the country, Czech children had a healthier diet and were more physically active than American children. Further research is warranted to determine whether the same differences in dietary intakes, physical activity and fast-food visits exist between nationally representative samples of American and Czech children.

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dieta etnologie   normy   MeSH
• dietní tuky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• energetický příjem fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy dětí MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nadváha epidemiologie   etnologie   etiologie   MeSH
• ovoce MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rozpomínání MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• sycené nápoje MeSH
• zelenina MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

Background: Although the association between somatic complaints and internalizing problems (anxiety, somatic anxiety and depression) is well established, it remains unclear whether the pattern of this relationship differs by gender and in different cultures. The aim of this study was to examine cross-cultural and gender-specific differences in the association between somatic complaints and internalizing problems in youth from the Czech Republic and Russia. Methods: The Social and Health Assessment, a self-report survey, was completed by representative community samples of adolescents, age 12-17 years, from the Czech Republic (N = 4770) and Russia (N = 2728). Results: A strong association was observed between somatic complaints and internalizing psychopathology. Although the levels of internalizing problems differed by country and gender, they increased together with and largely in a similar way to somatic complaints for boys and girls in both countries. Conclusion: The association between somatic symptoms and internalizing problems seems to be similar for boys and girls across cultures.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• duševní poruchy epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• městské obyvatelstvo * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pacienti bez organického nálezu * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Rusko MeSH

Studies of North Americans suggest that laypeople can judge the sexual orientation of others with greater than chance accuracy based on brief observations of their behavior (i.e., "gaydar" exists). One factor that appears to contribute to these judgments is targets' degree of masculinity-femininity. However, behaviors related to sexual orientation and to masculinity-femininity might vary across cultures. Thus, cross-cultural work is needed to test whether judgments of sexual orientation are more accurate when targets and raters are from the same culture. American and Czech male targets, 38 homosexual and 41 heterosexual, were videotaped and brief segments of the videotapes were presented to American and Czech raters. Overall, raters' judgments of targets' sexual orientation were related to targets' self-reported sexual orientation. However, the relationship was stronger when targets were judged by raters from their own country. In general, results suggest that there are both cross-cultural similarities and differences in gaydar and in cues related to sexual orientation.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• heterosexualita psychologie   MeSH
• homosexualita mužská psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužskost MeSH
• sexuální chování psychologie   MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• ženskost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené státy americké MeSH

AIM: This study aimed to analyse cross-cultural differences in the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and other back pain of general nurses in direct inpatient care in the Czech Republic (CZ) and Great Britain (GB). METHODS: The survey was used using an extended standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and self-created additional questions. The data were analysed with Stata 15 using a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The data analysis was based on 1043 questionnaires. We identified statistically significant differences in the LBP prevalence between the respondents (CZ 93% and GB 85%) over a period of 12 months. Nurses in both countries stated a higher prevalence of LBP compared to pain in the neck, shoulders or upper back. LBP increases in relation to age, length of work experience, body mass index (BMI) and university education (BSc). Age, length of work experience, BMI and education (nursing college and master's degree) were confirmed as significant risks contributing to the increased prevalence of other back pain as well. Respondents reported a reduction in work performance, leisure activities and the need to change profession in relation to LBP. CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirm that LBP is a frequent occupational health issue in the general nurses working in direct inpatient care in both countries.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lumbalgie * epidemiologie   MeSH
• nemoci z povolání epidemiologie   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Spojené království MeSH

BACKGROUND: Much attention has been paid to psychological factors influencing characteristics, severity, and course of mental disorders. The objective of our investigation was to examine the interrelations among quality of life (QoL), self-stigma, and coping strategies, demographics and severity of the disorder in neurotic spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and depressive spectrum disorders. METHODS: A total of 343 clinically stable Czech outpatients with different mental disorders (153 with neurotic spectrum disorders; 81 with depression, and 109 with schizophrenia spectrum disorders) were included. The patients were examined by their outpatient psychiatrists during regular psychiatric checkup and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Quality of Life Satisfaction and the Enjoyment Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), the Stress Coping Style Questionnaire (SVF-78), and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI). RESULTS: The study demonstrates that the self-stigma and coping strategies are significant factors linked to the QoL in all diagnostic groups of patients. Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had lower scores in QoL compared to the other two groups. The patients with depression or neurotic spectrum disorders had a lesser degree of self-stigma than the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The severity of the illness significantly correlated with the QoL, self-stigma, and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation confirmed the connection between the quality of life, self-stigma, coping strategies, and the severity of the illness, in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, depressive, and neurotic spectrum disorders. A further longitudinal study would be useful to determine the causative relationships of these variables.

• MeSH
• adaptace psychologická * MeSH
• depresivní poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• duševní poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• kvalita života psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurotické poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• pacienti ambulantní MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psychotické poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie MeSH
• sebepojetí * MeSH
• společenské stigma * MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• úzkostné poruchy psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Research has established a robust association between subjective socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes, which holds over and above the associations between objective markers of SES and health. Furthermore, comparative research on health inequalities has shown considerable variation in the relationship between different objective markers of SES and health across countries. Drawing on data from 29 countries, we present the first cross-national study on the subjective SES-health relationship. For two health outcomes, namely self-rated health (SRH) and psychological wellbeing, we are able to confirm that subjective SES is related to health in all countries under study, even when income, education, and occupational prestige are accounted for. Furthermore, we document considerable variation in the strength of the subjective SES-health association across countries. This variation however is largely independent of country differences in income inequality and country affluence. The health benefits of a high subjective SES appear to be slightly larger in more affluent countries, but only for SRH, not for psychological wellbeing.

• MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• disparity zdravotního stavu * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Východisko. Populace seniorů konzumuje v České republice více než 35 % všech předepisovaných léků a současný český senior užívá v průměru 4–5 léků na lékařský předpis. Dosud však nemáme dostatečné informace o faktorech ovlivňujících lékovou complianci zejména u seniorů s polyfarmakoterapií. Non-compliance může být příčinou neúčinnosti léčby a zvyšuje riziko nežádoucích účinků farmakoterapie. Cílem práce je porovnat lékovou complianci seniorů v 11 evropských zemích a zhodnotit vliv demografických a lékových faktorů na non-complianci. Metody a výsledky. Průřezová srovnávací studie u 3881 starších osob žijících ve vlastní domácnosti zabezpečených službami home-care v 11 evropských zemích sledovaných ve studii ADHOC (Aged in Home Care). U vzorku české populace byla provedena podrobná analýza příčin a faktorů predikujících non-complianci u pacientů s polyfarmakoterapií. Celkem 12,5 % (n=456) evropských seniorů bylo non-compliantních s doporučenou léčbou se statisticky významně vyšším procentem non-compliance v České reublice (33,5 %) a Německu (17,0 %). Jako významné rizikové faktory non-compliance byly v českém souboru identifikovány: užívání 7 a více druhů léků per os (OR 2,2), 10 a více jednotlivých aplikací denně (OR 2,5), podávání častěji než 2x za den (OR 2,4), problémová manipulace s léky (OR 4,6), polypragmazie déle než 5 let (OR 5,5) a příprava léků bez dohledu nebo pomoci (OR 2,8). Nejvyšší výskyt non-compliance byl zjištěn u antidepresiv (80 %), antiastmatik (68 %), fibrátů (60 %), nesteroidních antiflogistik, vazodilatancií, antikoagulancií/antiagregancií a nootropik (50 %). Jako nejčastější důvody non-compliance udávali pacienti zapomenutí užití léku (74,3 %), nedůvěru v léčebný účinek (10,6 %) a obavy z užívání velkého počtu léků (8,6 %). Závěry. Non-compliance s předepsaným lékovým režimem je častým problémem u třetiny seniorů v České republice a je nejvyšší z 11 evropských zemích. Lékaři při předepisování seniorům musí na tuto problematiku myslet, aktivně complianci sledovat a posilovat spolupráci a motivaci nemocného k dodržování předepsaného režimu. Zejména u seniorů vyžadujících polyfarmakoterapii je třeba co nejvíce zjednodušit lékový režim. U starších osob s tělesným postižením, kognitivní poruchou nebo depresí může zajištění dohledu a pomoci druhé osoby při přípravě a podávání léků zlepšit lékovou complianci.

Background. Population of seniors in the Czech Republic consumes more than 35 % of all prescribed medications. Currently, Czech seniors take on the average 4–5 prescribed drugs. However, our knowledge about factors influencing drug compliance is scarce particularly in seniors with polypharmacotherapy. Non-compliance can contribute to treatment failure and increases the risk of adverse drug reactions. The aim of the study is to compare drug compliance in the elderly in 11 European countries and to assess the impact of demographic and drug-related factors on noncompliance to medication. Methods and Results. Cross-sectional comparative study in 3881 elderly subjects living in the community receiving home-care services in 11 European countries participating in ADHOC (Aged in Home Care) study. In the sample of Czech subjects we performed in-depth analysis of causes and factors associated with non-compliance in patients with polypharmacotherapy. 12.5% (n=456) of European seniors were non-compliant with prescribed medication with significantly higher prevalence of non-compliance in the CR (33.5 %) and Germany (17.0 %). In the Czech sample following non-compliance risk factors have been identified: taking >7 drugs per os (OR= 2.2), 10 single applications/day (OR= 2.5), more than twice daily dosing (OR= 2.4), problems with drug preparation (OR= 4.6), polypharmacotherapy 5 years and longer (OR= 5.5) and drug preparation without supervision or help (OR= 2.8). The highest prevalence of non-compliance was found for antidepressants (80 %), antiasthmatics (68 %), fibrates (60 %), nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, vasodilatators, anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs and nootropics (50 %). Among the most common causes, patients reported forgetting to take the drug (74.3 % patients), mistrust in drug effect (10.6%) and fear of taking „too many drugs“ (8.6 %). Conclusions. Non-compliance to prescribed drug regimen is a prevalent problem in one third of the Czech seniors and was found to be the highest among 11 European countries. Doctors prescribing to older people have to monitor purposefully compliance and strenghten co-operation and motivation of the patient to adhere with prescribed drug regimen. Particularly in seniors with polypharmacotherapy it seems necessary to simplify drug regimen as much as possible. In elderly patients with physical disability, cognitive impairment or depression supervision and/or help of another person with drug preparation and application may improve drug compliance.

• MeSH
• adherence pacienta statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• geriatrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polypharmacy MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rozvrh dávkování léků MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spotřeba léčiv statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psychologie aplikovaná MeSH
• srovnání kultur MeSH
• studenti psychologie   MeSH
• úzkost MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Itálie MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

The purpose of the study was to determine whether running is associated with greater bone mineral density (BMD) by comparing the BMD of regularly active male runners (AR) with inactive nonrunner male controls (INC). This cross-sectional study recruited 327 male AR and 212 male INC (aged 18-65) via a stratified recruitment strategy. BMD of the whole body (WB) and partial segments (spine, lumbar spine (LS), leg, hip, femoral neck (FN), and arm for each side) were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and lower leg dominance (dominant-D/nondominant-ND) was established by functional testing. An ANCOVA was used to compare AR and INC. The AR had greater BMD for all segments of the lower limb (p<0.05), but similar BMD for all segments of the upper limb (p>0.05) compared with INC. Based on the pairwise comparison of age groups, AR had greater BMD of the ND leg in every age group compared with INC (p<0.05). AR had grater BMD of the D leg in every age group except for (26-35 and 56-65) compare with INC (p<0.05). In the youngest age group (18-25), AR had greater BMD in every measured part of lower extremities (legs, hips, femoral necks) compared with INC (p<0.05). In the 46-55 age group AR had greater BMD than INC (p < 0.05) only in the WB, D Leg, D neck, and ND leg. In the 56-65 age group AR had greater BMD than INC (p<0.05) only in the ND leg. Overall, AR had greater BMD compared with INC in all examined sites except for the upper limbs, supporting the notion that running may positively affect bone parameters. However, the benefits differ in the skeletal sites specifically, as the legs had the highest BMD difference between AR and INC. Moreover, the increase in BMD from running decreased with age.

• MeSH
• absorpční fotometrie * MeSH
• bederní obratle fyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• běh * fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kostní denzita * fyziologie   MeSH
• krček femuru diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH