• MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation MeSH
• Congenital Abnormalities genetics   MeSH
• Fetal Development genetics   MeSH
• Publication type
• Congress MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• embryologie a teratologie
• genetika, lékařská genetika

The placenta is the first organ to be created during mammalian development. As the main link between the mother and the fetus it has more diverse functions than any other organ, serving as a digestive, excretory, respiratory, endocrine, and immune system. The outer layer of the placenta, the trophoblast, plays a key role in fetal development by orchestrating all these functions. Recent research has associated perturbations of maternal conditions (such as malnutrition, stress or inflammation) with alterations of the trophoblasts' endocrine, transport and metabolic processes. As reviewed here, adaptations to these conditions enable the fetus to survive, but at the cost of permanently changing its physiology and structure. Moreover, these adaptations trigger fetal programming that increases predisposition to various pathological conditions in adult life, typically metabolic, cardiovascular or CNS diseases.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Maternal-Fetal Exchange drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Placenta physiology   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Trophoblasts cytology   drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Fetal Development drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Xenobiotics toxicity   MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects etiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Fetus MeSH
• Radiography MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Ultrasonics diagnostic use   MeSH
• Bone Development MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH

• MeSH
• Fetus blood supply   ultrastructure   MeSH
• Heart Conduction System cytology   embryology   growth & development   MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH

Tobacco addiction is a serious psychosocial and health problem. A pregnant woman who smokes not only influences the maternal organism, but also passes health risks on to the unborn child. A fetus exposed to maternal smoking is not only directly influenced, but is also endangered by a wide range of diseases up to his or her adult years. The components of tobacco smoke play a significant role in the development of a number of diseases for a large proportion of the smoking population, as well as among those pregnant. This article summarizes findings regarding the impacts on the production of steroid hormones - first describing the smoking-related changes in steroidogenesis in women, and then focusing on the influence of maternal smoking on the fetus's developing steroidogenesis. We assume that if during prenatal development the fetus has already been exposed to the effect of endocrine disruptors at the time fetal steroidogenesis begins fetal programming, this exposure can have serious pathophysiological effects both in the pregnancy as well as later in life. An example of such effects might be a delay in the creation of kidney adrenal androgens, which could also be evident on the level of steroid neuroactive metabolites that may influence the individual's psychological state and lead to later addictions.

• MeSH
• Fertility MeSH
• Hormones metabolism   MeSH
• Smoking adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Reproduction MeSH
• Steroids metabolism   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Fetal Development * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Children with Disabilities MeSH
• Persons with Disabilities MeSH
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders MeSH
• Human Development MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH
• Life Style MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• zdravotně postižení
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• psychiatrie

• MeSH
• Cytogenetics MeSH
• Molecular Biology MeSH
• Fetus physiopathology   MeSH
• Amniotic Fluid physiopathology   MeSH
• Prenatal Diagnosis MeSH
• Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH
• Publication type
• Congress MeSH
• Collected Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• embryologie a teratologie
• chemie, klinická chemie
• gynekologie a porodnictví
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• gynekologie a porodnictví

Autoři shrnují v přehledném článku současné názory na prenatální a postnatální programming. Uvádějí různé faktory zvyšující riziko řady chorob v dalším vývoji dětí a dorostu, včetně dopadu na zdraví populace ve věku, kdy jedince již neošetřují pediatři. Barkerova teorie prenatálního programmingu u jedinců s nízkou porodní hmotností přinesla řadu důležitých poznatků, ale v současnosti je třeba vnímat i vlivy postnatální. To se týká především raného dětského a dorostového věku. Dětští praktici pak předávají své klienty/pacienty ve věku 18 - 19 let svým kolegům praktikům pro dospělé, resp. různým specialistům. Ti by měli být informováni o vývoji zdravotního stavu svých klientů/pacientů před 18., resp. 19. rokem života a brát v úvahu i riziko prenatálního a časného postnatálního programmingu kardiovaskulárních chorob, hypertenze, nefropatií, obezity a diabetu, které mají často své kořeny v dětském a dorostovém věku.

The authors summarize current views on Barker´s hypothesis of prenatal programming, particularly the low birth weight, but they reflect also the postnatal programming in a review article. Barker´s theory of prenatal programming in individuals with low birth weight has brought a number of important insights, but nowadays it is also necessary to focus on postnatal effects. This is particularly the case for the early childhood. The text reports the various prenatal and postnatal factors that may increase the risk of different diseases in the further development of children and adolescents. Including the impact on the health of the elderly population, when the care of adults is taken by general practitioners (GP´s) or specialists. These GP´s should be informed on the risk of early programming of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, nephropathy, diabetes and obesity. Later, in adults the influence of the environment and healthy lifestyle play an important role in further course of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, nephropathies, diabetes and obesity.

• Keywords
• Barkerova hypotéza,
• MeSH
• Embryonic and Fetal Development MeSH
• Risk Assessment MeSH
• Hypertension MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases MeSH
• Infant Mortality history   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Morbidity MeSH
• Kidney Diseases pathology   MeSH
• Infant, Low Birth Weight * growth & development   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Obesity MeSH
• Birth Weight MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods   MeSH
• Fetal Diseases diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Fetus MeSH
• Ultrasonography, Prenatal methods   MeSH
• Ultrasonics MeSH
• Congenital Abnormalities diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• radiologie, nukleární medicína a zobrazovací metody
• embryologie a teratologie
• perinatologie a neonatologie
• NML Publication type
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• Fetus anatomy & histology   blood supply   MeSH
• Heart Conduction System anatomy & histology   embryology   growth & development   MeSH
• Fetal Development MeSH