Východiska: Oblast fitness je příznačná častými změnami, objevují se nové trendy, metody nebo cviky. Současným trendem je „high intensity“ neboli způsob cvičení, který je spojen s vysokým úsilím, intenzivními prožitky, vysokou tepovou frekvencí apod. „High-intensity“ je zahrnuto do více oblastí a používáno širokou sportovní veřejností. Vzhledem k rozsáhlému využívání je důležité, aby terminologie byla používána a interpretována správně. Cíle: Vymezit vybrané aktuální pojmy spojené s „high intensity“ a zřetelně popsat jejich odlišnosti. Jednalo se o HIFT (high-intensity functional training), HIIT (high-intensity interval training), kruhový trénink, CrossFit® a funkční trénink. Metodika: Byla provedena literární rešerše v databázích Pubmed, Semantic scholar, Google scholar a Scopus. Využity byly i tuzemské nedigitalizované zdroje. Do analýzy byly zahrnuty pouze zdroje, u kterých bylo možné jasně určit použití daného pojmu. Výsledky a závěry: Vybrané pojmy byly vymezeny a zároveň byly popsány rozdílné znaky. Každý z uvedených pojmů má svá jasná specifika, a proto by neměly být zaměňovány nebo nevhodně použity. Vzhledem k neustálému vývoji ve fitness je nutné tento sektor stabilně sledovat i z pohledu terminologie.

Background: Frequent changes, new trends characterize the fitness industry, methods or exercises appear. The current trend is “high intensity”, or a way of exercising, associated with high effort, intense experiences, increased heart rate, etc. “High-intensity” is included in several areas and used by the general sporting public. Due to its widespread use, it is important that terminology is used and interpreted correctly. Objective: To define selected current concepts associated with “high intensity” and clearly describe their differences. These were HIFT (high-intensity functional training), HIIT (high-intensity interval training), circuit training, CrossFit, functional training. Methods: Literature research was performed in the databases Pubmed, Semantic scholar, Google scholar, Scopus. Domestic non-digitized sources were also used. Only sources for which the use of the term could be clearly identified were included in the analysis. Results and conclusions: Selected terms were defined, and at the same time, different attributes were described. Each of these terms has its precise specifics and should therefore not be confused or inappropriately used. Due to the constant development in the fitness industry, it is necessary to monitor this sector stably.

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sportovní výkon MeSH
• sporty * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Pojem „vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink (HIIT)“ je v odborných publikacích – zejména zahranič- ních – v posledních letech často frekventovaný a tato tréninková metoda je často implementována do tréninkového procesu v různých sportech. Ne vždy je však sportovcům, resp. trenérům známo, k jakým fyziologickým změnám při této formě zátěže dochází. Z hlediska zkvalitnění tréninkového procesu je rovněž důležité srovnání účinnosti metody HIIT s metodou kontinuální zátěže i s dalšími formami intervalových tréninkových metod. Cílem předložené publikace je analýza a deskripce efektu různých forem HIIT podle předem zvolených ukazatelů (tzv. markerů). Prvním z analyzovaných markerů je VO2 max (maximální spotřeba kyslíku) jako důležitý ukazatel účinnosti intervalového tréninku, dalšími markery jsou utilizace lipidů, změny úrovně hormonů a enzymů. Dalším cílem je objasnění souvislostí, týkajících se energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí v průběhu použití metody HIIT. V rámci řešení výzkumného záměru jsme se zaměřili výhradně na zahraniční studie (n = 150), z let 1978–2015, z nichž bylo do review vybráno celkem 70 studií z databází SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. Výběr byl proveden s ohledem na předem zvolená kritéria, jimiž byla především doba trvání výzkumu, charakter výzkumného souboru, četnost intervencí atd. Pro účely rozšíření teoretických poznatků k problematice energetického krytí, metabolismu a kardiorespiračních funkcí byly analyzovány i některé starší studie z posledních 10–15 let, analýza jednotlivých markerů byla provedena na základě publikací z posledního desetiletí. Výzkumy prokázaly, že HIIT má významný vliv na zvýšení úroveň VO2 max, dále bylo zjištěno, že k adaptaci na tento typ tréninku dochází již po dvou týdnech, což umožňuje zkrácení doby trvání tréninkového procesu. Při tomto typu tréninku dochází současně s EPOC efektem (pozátěžová spotřeba kyslíku) k vyššímu spalování energie řádově v desítkách hodin. Prezentované poznatky mohou být využity ve sportovní praxi pro překonání stagnace sportovní výkonnosti a k dosažení výkonnostního zlepšení vlivem uplatnění metody HIIT. V některých studiích bylo zjištěno, že metodu HIIT lze úspěšně aplikovat také u osob s nadváhou, u osob trpících diabetes melitus, resp. u osob se sedavým životním stylem. Vždy je však nutno dbát na individuální přístup a možné riziko přetrénování.

The HIIT – High Intensity Interval Training has become an increasingly used term in foreign publications and this method is frequently implemented in training processes of many athletes. However not every athlete or trainer is aware of the physiological changes which are caused by this form of training. In order to improve the training process it is important to compare the effectiveness of HIIT with the continual training method or other forms of the interval training. The aim of this publication is to analyze and describe the effect of various forms of HIIT according to the set markers: primarily VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) – interval training effectiveness marker, secondarily lipid utilization, and last but not least hormonal and enzymatic level changes. Another objective of this publication is the clarification and explanation of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function during the application of HIIT method. Within the research plan we focused exclusively on the foreign studies (n = 150) conducted in years 1978–2015 from which we chose 70 studies from databases such as SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. The selection was based on the preselected criteria – length of the research, nature of the research group and intervention frequency etc. For the purpose to extend the theoretical bases of the problematics of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function were analyzed several chosen studies from last 10–15 years. The analysis of the individual markers was conducted based on the publications from the last decade. The research has shown that the HIIT has a significant effect on the increase of VO2 max. Further findings also showed that the subject is able to adapt to this type of training in just two weeks which enables the duration of training process to shorten. This type of training also leads simultaneously with EPOC effect (post-exercise oxygen consumption) to higher energy consumption in tens of hours. The presented results can be used in Sports practice to overcome the performance stagnation and lead to performance improvement as a result of the HIIT method implementation. Certain studies show that the HIIT method is also successfully applicable to the overweight individuals, patients with Diabetes mellitus and people with sedentary lifestyle. However, it is always necessary to ensure the individual approach and to avoid the risk of overtraining.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná námaha fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná výchova metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Lifestyle intervention encompassing nutrition and physical activity are effective strategies to prevent progressive lipid deposition in the liver. This study aimed to explore the effect of dietary change, and/or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hepatic lipid accumulation in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. We divided lean rats into lean control (LC) or HIIT groups (LH), and obese rats into obese normal chow diet (ND) control (ONC) or HIIT groups (ONH) and obese HFD control (OHC) or HIIT groups (OHH). We found that dietary or HIIT intervention significantly decreased body weight and the risk of dyslipidemia, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation. HIIT significantly improved mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation through upregulating mitochondrial enzyme activities, mitochondrial function and AMPK/PPARalpha/CPT1alpha pathway, as well as inhibiting hepatic de novo lipogenesis in obese HFD rats. These findings indicate that dietary alone or HIIT intervention powerfully improve intrahepatic storage of fat in diet induced obese rats. Keywords: Obesity, Exercise, Diet, Mitochondrial function, Lipid deposition.

• MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• játra * metabolismus   MeSH
• kondiční příprava zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů * MeSH
• obezita * metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley * MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is a popular activity that combines high effort and compound exercises. Many women aged 20 to 40 who are expected to become pregnant soon are also fond on it. HIFT is an activity in which the heart rate increases significantly, there is an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, free weights are also used. There is poor evidence of HIFT and its effect on pregnancy or childbirth. The subject of this case study was a healthy woman (31 years old) who has long term experience with HIFT. The aim of the study was to analyze training regime (length, intensity, heart rate) and number of steps in the period from the 1st to the 38th week. The effect on the health of the mother and the fetus, the delivery and the birth weight were monitored. The findings show that with an optimally set training program, HIFT can be a safe activity that has no adverse effect on pregnancy, fetal health or childbirth. This is the first such study, so further research is needed.

Structural neuroplasticity such as neurite extension and dendritic spine dynamics is enhanced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and impaired by types of inhibitory molecules that induce growth cone collapse and actin depolymerization, for example, myelin-associated inhibitors, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and negative guidance molecules. These inhibitory molecules can activate RhoA/rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) signaling (known to restrict structural plasticity). Intermittent hypoxia (IH) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are known to upregulate BDNF that is associated with improvements in learning and memory and greater functional recovery following neural insults. We investigated whether the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway is also modulated by IH and HIIT in the hippocampus, cortex, and lumbar spinal cord of male Wistar rats. The gene expression of 25 RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway components was determined following IH, HIIT, or IH combined with HIIT (30 min/day, 5 days/wk, 6 wk). IH included 10 3-min bouts that alternated between hypoxia (15% O2) and normoxia. HIIT included 10 3-min bouts alternating between treadmill speeds of 50 cm·s-1 and 15 cm·s-1. In the hippocampus, IH and HIIT significantly downregulated Acan and NgR2 mRNA that are involved in the inhibition of neuroplasticity. However, IH and IH + HIIT significantly upregulated Lingo-1 and NgR3 in the cortex. This is the first time IH and HIIT have been linked to the modulation of plasticity-inhibiting pathways. These results provide a fundamental step toward elucidating the interplay between the neurotrophic and inhibitory mechanisms involved in experience-driven neural plasticity that will aid in optimizing physiological interventions for the treatment of cognitive decline or neurorehabilitation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intermittent hypoxia (IH) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) enhance neuroplasticity and upregulate neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system (CNS). We provide evidence that IH and IH + HIIT also have the capacity to regulate genes involved in the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway that is known to restrict structural plasticity in the CNS. This provides a new mechanistic insight into how these interventions may enhance hippocampal-related plasticity and facilitate learning, memory, and neuroregeneration.

• MeSH
• hipokampus * metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoxie metabolismus   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kinázy asociované s rho * metabolismus   genetika   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mícha metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita fyziologie   MeSH
• potkani Wistar * MeSH
• rho proteiny vázající GTP MeSH
• rhoA protein vázající GTP metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce * fyziologie   MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently utilized as a method to reduce body mass. Its intensity of work results in a number of beneficial adaptive changes in a relatively short period of time. Irisin is a myokine and adipokine secreted to the blood during exercise and it takes part in the regulation of energy metabolism. It is a vital issue from the prophylaxis point of view as well as treatment through exercise of different diseases (e.g., obesity, type-2 diabetes). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in irisin concentration, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance in men after HIIT. Eight weeks of HIIT following the Tabata protocol was applied in the training group (HT) (n = 15), while a sedentary group (SED) (n = 10) did not participate in fitness activities within the same time period. Changes of irisin, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance were evaluated after graded exercise test (GXT) and Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) before and after eight weeks of training. Training resulted in an increased of blood irisin concentration (by 29.7%) p < 0.05), VO2max increase (PRE: 44.86 ± 5.74 mL·kg-1·min-1; POST: 50.16 ± 5.80 mL kg-1·min-1; p < 0.05), reduction in percent body fat (PRE: 14.44 ± 3.33%; POST: 13.61 ± 3.16%; p < 0.05), and increase of WAnT parameters (p < 0.05) in the HT group. No changes were observed in the SED group. HIIT resulted in beneficial effects in the increase in blood irisin concentration, physical performance, and reduced fat content. The HIIT may indicate an acceleration of base metabolism. This effect can be utilized in the prevention or treatment of obesity.

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• fibronektiny krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• sedavý životní styl MeSH
• složení těla * MeSH
• tělesná a funkční výkonnost * MeSH
• vysoce intenzivní intervalový trénink * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologie sportovní výživy MeSH
• fyziologie MeSH
• sporty fyziologie   MeSH
• tělovýchovné lékařství MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• NLK Obory
• fyziologie
• tělovýchovné lékařství
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

In the past, older adults were traditionally deemed too weak or fragile to participate in high-intensity exercise, but more recent research indicates that not only is high-intensity exercise not dangerous in this population, but it may in fact be a preferable form of exercise over other, less-intense alternatives. However, many seniors still do not participate in high-intensity exercise despite the mounting evidence that it can improve a number of physiological functions and ultimately increase quality of life. As health, sport, and medical professionals, we must continuously ask ourselves how we can apply our lab-based findings in real-life scenarios, and in the case of older adults, we must find a way to circumvent some of their most common reasons for not exercising, which can include a lack of time, a lack of know-how, a lack of motivation, a fear that high-intensity exercise is unsafe, and a perception that high-intensity exercise is too difficult. Therefore, introducing quick, simple, safe, and perceptually easy exercises may result in immediate health and functional benefits and may serve as a gateway exercise to usher older adults into the realm of high-intensity training. Specifically, assisted jumping could serve this purpose. In this article, the ideas behind the theory and practice of assisted jumping are set forth, providing an evidence-based hypothesis from which future researchers can build on to implement high-speed, high-power, high-intensity exercise in older populations in both research and practical settings.

• MeSH
• bezpečnost pacientů MeSH
• biomechanika MeSH
• geriatrie MeSH
• kondiční příprava metody   MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sportovci MeSH
• sporty MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• terapie cvičením metody   MeSH
• zdravotní služby pro seniory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The randomized trials showed that the addition of training resistance program to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) had many beneficial effects for prostate cancer (PC) patients (significant protective effect on the volume of muscle mass) and the studies have revealed a panel of miRNAs, which are deregulate in PC and may serve as promising biomarkers of PC risk. The primary aim of our present study was to investigate the effect of exercise training to changes in body composition (muscle strength) and the secondary endpoint was to investigate the impact of an exercise training program on plasma levels of selected myogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) (miRNA-1, miRNA-29b, and miRNA-133) in PC patients undergoing the ADT. Effect of ADT and exercise intervention showed significant increase (experimental group vs. control group) the changes in body composition, free testosterone levels, IL-6 and plasma levels of myogenic miRNAs and significant reduced insulin serum levels. In conclusion, resistance training with ADT in the treatment of PC significantly changed the physical and metabolic function and the plasma levels of specific myogenic miRNAs. Our data support with the other publicized results.

• MeSH
• antagonisté androgenů terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikro RNA krev   MeSH
• nádory prostaty krev   terapie   MeSH
• odporový trénink * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

Hypoaktivita vedie k zvýšenému riziku jednotlivých ochorení. Znížená pohybová aktivita vedie k vyššiemu riziku metabolického syndrómu a obezity. Metabolický syndróm a obezita vedú tiež k vyššej prevalencii nealkoholického stukovatenia pečene (NAFLD). Zmeny životného štýlu vrátane optimálnej výživy a zvýšenia pohybovej aktivity predstavujú kľúčové kroky v liečbe pacientov s NAFLD. Sedavý spôsob života a hypoaktivita vedú k zvýšeniu rizika vzniku NAFLD. Zvyšovanie pohybovej aktivity prostredníctvom cvičenia, ktoré je charakterizované plánovanou, štruktúrovanou a opakovanou fyzickou aktivitou so špecifickou intenzitou, frekvenciou a trvaním, má priaznivé účinky na NAFLD. Dôležitý vplyv cvičenia sa uplatňuje pri redukcii hmotnosti a intrahepatálneho tuku. Mechanizmus účinku cvičenia je tiež možné vysvetliť zlepšením inzulínovej senzitivity, mitochondriálnej funkcie, ovplyvnením myokínov. Medzi najčastejšie aplikované formy patrí aeróbne cvičenie, silové cvičenia a vysoko-intervalový typ cvičenia. Pri každej typológii cvičenia môžeme očakávať benefit pri liečbe NAFLD.

Hypoactivity leads to an increased risk of chronic diseases. Reduced physical activity leads to a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity. Metabolic syndrome and obesity also lead to a higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lifestyle changes including optimal nutrition and increased physical activity are key aims in the treatment of NAFLD patients. Sedentary lifestyle and hypoactivity lead to an increased risk of developing NAFLD. Increasing physical activity through exercise that is characterized by planned, structured and repeated physical activity with specific intensity, frequency and duration has beneficial effects on NAFLD. An important effect of exercise is to reduce weight and intrahepatic fat. The mechanism of action of the exercise can also be explained by improving insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and affecting myokines. The most commonly applied forms of exercise include aerobic exercise, strength exercise and high-intensity interval type of exercise

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nealkoholová steatóza jater * terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH