mineral nutrient re-utilization
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... 19 -- 2.1 Introduction 19 -- 2.2 Sources and body stores of carbohydrate 19 -- 2.3 Carbohydrate utilization ... ... during exercise 22 -- 2.4 Factors influencing carbohydrate utilization during exercise 25 -- Acknowledgement ... ... for energy: metabolism of athletes 87 -- 5.1 Introduction 87 -- 5.2 Utilization of the fat depots 88 ... ... status 114 -- 7.4 Nutritional assessment of athletes 119 -- 7.5 Mineral status of athletes 121 -- 7.6 ... ... The relationship of mineral status and performance 130 -- 7.7 Should mineral supplements be recommended ...
194 s. : tab., grafy ; 24 cm
This book includes all the papers presented at the meeting, revised to take account of all the points made during discussions, and the Consensus Statement itself. The topics covered include recommendations for optimum carbohydrate, protein, fat, total energy, fluid and electrolyte, and vitamin mineral intakes to maximise sports performance.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake from complex organic sources, most likely in concert with activity of soil saprotrophs and other microbes releasing and transforming the N bound in organic forms. Here, we tested whether AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) extraradical hyphal networks showed any preferences towards certain forms of organic N (chitin of fungal or crustacean origin, DNA, clover biomass, or albumin) administered in spatially discrete patches, and how the presence of AM fungal hyphae affected other microbes. By direct 15N labeling, we also quantified the flux of N to the plants (Andropogon gerardii) through the AM fungal hyphae from fungal chitin and from clover biomass. The AM fungal hyphae colonized patches supplemented with organic N sources significantly more than those receiving only mineral nutrients, organic carbon in form of cellulose, or nothing. Mycorrhizal plants grew 6.4-fold larger and accumulated, on average, 20.3-fold more 15N originating from the labeled organic sources than their nonmycorrhizal counterparts. Whereas the abundance of microbes (bacteria, fungi, or Acanthamoeba sp.) in the different patches was primarily driven by patch quality, we noted a consistent suppression of the microbial abundances by the presence of AM fungal hyphae. This suppression was particularly strong for ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Our results indicate that AM fungi successfully competed with the other microbes for free ammonium ions and suggest an important role for the notoriously understudied soil protists to play in recycling organic N from soil to plants via AM fungal hyphae.
- MeSH
- Acanthamoeba metabolismus MeSH
- amoniak metabolismus MeSH
- Andropogon růst a vývoj metabolismus mikrobiologie MeSH
- Bacteria metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- hyfy metabolismus MeSH
- mykorhiza metabolismus MeSH
- organické látky metabolismus MeSH
- oxidace-redukce MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly contribute to plant nitrogen (N) uptake from complex organic sources, most likely in concert with activity of soil saprotrophs and other microbes releasing and transforming the N bound in organic forms. Here, we tested whether AM fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) extraradical hyphal networks showed any preferences towards certain forms of organic N (chitin of fungal or crustacean origin, DNA, clover biomass, or albumin) administered in spatially discrete patches, and how the presence of AM fungal hyphae affected other microbes. By direct 15N labeling, we also quantified the flux of N to the plants (Andropogon gerardii) through the AM fungal hyphae from fungal chitin and from clover biomass. The AM fungal hyphae colonized patches supplemented with organic N sources significantly more than those receiving only mineral nutrients, organic carbon in form of cellulose, or nothing. Mycorrhizal plants grew 6.4-fold larger and accumulated, on average, 20.3-fold more 15N originating from the labeled organic sources than their nonmycorrhizal counterparts. Whereas the abundance of microbes (bacteria, fungi, or Acanthamoeba sp.) in the different patches was primarily driven by patch quality, we noted a consistent suppression of the microbial abundances by the presence of AM fungal hyphae. This suppression was particularly strong for ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Our results indicate that AM fungi successfully competed with the other microbes for free ammonium ions and suggest an important role for the notoriously understudied soil protists to play in recycling organic N from soil to plants via AM fungal hyphae.
