OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between characteristics of daily rainfall (intensity, duration, and frequency) and all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. DESIGN: Two stage time series analysis. SETTING: 645 locations across 34 countries or regions. POPULATION: Daily mortality data, comprising a total of 109 954 744 all cause, 31 164 161 cardiovascular, and 11 817 278 respiratory deaths from 1980 to 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Association between daily mortality and rainfall events with return periods (the expected average time between occurrences of an extreme event of a certain magnitude) of one year, two years, and five years, with a 14 day lag period. A continuous relative intensity index was used to generate intensity-response curves to estimate mortality risks at a global scale. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 50 913 rainfall events with a one year return period, 8362 events with a two year return period, and 3301 events with a five year return period were identified. A day of extreme rainfall with a five year return period was significantly associated with increased daily all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, with cumulative relative risks across 0-14 lag days of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.11), 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08), and 1.29 (1.19 to 1.39), respectively. Rainfall events with a two year return period were associated with respiratory mortality only, whereas no significant associations were found for events with a one year return period. Non-linear analysis revealed protective effects (relative risk <1) with moderate-heavy rainfall events, shifting to adverse effects (relative risk >1) with extreme intensities. Additionally, mortality risks from extreme rainfall events appeared to be modified by climate type, baseline variability in rainfall, and vegetation coverage, whereas the moderating effects of population density and income level were not significant. Locations with lower variability of baseline rainfall or scarce vegetation coverage showed higher risks. CONCLUSION: Daily rainfall intensity is associated with varying health effects, with extreme events linked to an increasing relative risk for all cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. The observed associations varied with local climate and urban infrastructure.
Článek reaguje na rychle rostoucí trend využití srážkové vody v budovách a upozorňuje na související zdravotní rizika a na legislativní mezeru v jejich regulaci. Jsou popsány hlavní patogeny, které se v České republice mohou ve srážkové vodě vyskytnout, a chemické kontaminanty ze sběrných ploch. Dále jsou uvedeny hlavní způsoby využití čištěné srážkové vody pro nepitné, užitkové účely v budovách a z nich vyplývající expoziční cesty nákazy, jakož i technická opatření ke zmírnění těchto rizik.
This paper responds to a quickly growing trend of rainwater use in buildings and draws attention to related health risks and legislative gaps in its regulation. The key pathogens that may occur in rainwater in the Czech Republic are described, as well as, chemical contaminants from roofs and collection surfaces. The main ways of non-potable use of rainwater in buildings are also listed including the related exposure pathways of infections and technical measures available for reduction of the health risks.
39 stran : ilustrace, tabulky ; 30 cm
Směrnice ISO, které se zaměřují na filtraci a použití vyčištěné šedé a srážkové vody v budovách.
- MeSH
- bydlení MeSH
- déšť MeSH
- filtrace MeSH
- kvalita vody MeSH
- odpadní voda MeSH
- recyklace MeSH
- voda normy MeSH
- zásobování vodou MeSH
- Publikační typ
- směrnice MeSH
- Konspekt
- Metrologie. Standardizace
- NLK Obory
- environmentální vědy
- technika
Small lakes and ponds occupy an enormous surface area of inland freshwater and represent an important terrestrial-water interface. Disturbances caused by extreme weather events can have substantial effects on these ecosystems. Here, we analysed the dynamics of nutrients and the entire plankton community in two flood events and afterwards, when quasi-stable conditions were established, to investigate the effect of such disturbances on a small forest pond. We show that floodings result in repeated washout of resident organisms and hundredfold increases in nutrient load. Despite this, the microbial community recovers to a predisturbance state within two weeks of flooding through four well-defined succession phases. Reassembly of phytoplankton and especially zooplankton takes up to two times longer and features repetitive and adaptive patterns. Release of dissolved nutrients from the pond is associated with inflow rates and community recovery, and returns to predisturbance levels before microbial compositions recover. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying functional resilience of small waterbodies and are relevant to global change-induced increases in weather extremes.
- MeSH
- déšť * MeSH
- extrémní počasí * MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- plankton růst a vývoj MeSH
- potravní řetězec MeSH
- řeky chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- rybníky chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- sladká voda chemie mikrobiologie MeSH
- záplavy MeSH
- živiny analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Peatlands are one of the most important ecosystems due to their biodiversity and abundant organic compounds; therefore, it is important to observe how different plant species in peatlands react to changing environmental conditions. Sphagnum spp. are the main component of peatlands and are considered as the creator of conditions favorable for carbon storage in the form of peat. Sphagnum angustifolium and Sphagnum fallax are taxonomically very close species. To examine their adaptability to climate change, we studied the morphology and pigment content of these two species from environmental manipulation sites in Poland, where the environment was continuously manipulated for temperature and precipitation. The warming of peat was induced by using infrared heaters, whereas total precipitation was reduced by a curtain that cuts the nighttime precipitation. Morphology of S. angustifolium stayed under climate manipulation relatively stable. However, the main morphological parameters of S. fallax were significantly affected by precipitation reduction. Thus, this study indicates S. angustifolium is better adapted in comparison to S. fallax for drier and warmer conditions.
In Thailand, Anopheles (Cellia) epiroticus Linton et Harbach (Diptera: Culicidae) is the secondary vector of human malaria along coastal regions. While there are some studies of phenotypic variability and population structure of A. epiroticus, more information on morphological variation would enhance epidemiological understanding of medically important mosquito vectors. This research examined morphological variation at three different distances from coastlines of Samut Songkhram Province, Thailand, using landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Wing shape of A. epiroticus was significantly different in the area 0.2 km away from the sea compared to areas 2 and 4 km away from the sea (p < 0.05). Phenotypic variability in wing shape is associated with distance from the sea. Morphological variations in the area closest to the sea were most pronounced, showing a relationship between A. epiroticus and the ecosystem that affects wing geometry. These results provide important information to understand morphological variation of A. epiroticus in coastal areas.
- MeSH
- Anopheles anatomie a histologie MeSH
- déšť MeSH
- komáří přenašeči anatomie a histologie MeSH
- křídla zvířecí anatomie a histologie MeSH
- malárie MeSH
- Plasmodium MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Thajsko MeSH
Food security relies on the resilience of staple food crops to climatic variability and extremes, but the climate resilience of European wheat is unknown. A diversity of responses to disturbance is considered a key determinant of resilience. The capacity of a sole crop genotype to perform well under climatic variability is limited; therefore, a set of cultivars with diverse responses to weather conditions critical to crop yield is required. Here, we show a decline in the response diversity of wheat in farmers' fields in most European countries after 2002-2009 based on 101,000 cultivar yield observations. Similar responses to weather were identified in cultivar trials among central European countries and southern European countries. A response diversity hotspot appeared in the trials in Slovakia, while response diversity "deserts" were identified in Czechia and Germany and for durum wheat in southern Europe. Positive responses to abundant precipitation were lacking. This assessment suggests that current breeding programs and cultivar selection practices do not sufficiently prepare for climatic uncertainty and variability. Consequently, the demand for climate resilience of staple food crops such as wheat must be better articulated. Assessments and communication of response diversity enable collective learning across supply chains. Increased awareness could foster governance of resilience through research and breeding programs, incentives, and regulation.
- MeSH
- analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
- déšť MeSH
- pěstování plodin statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- počasí MeSH
- podnebí * MeSH
- pšenice fyziologie MeSH
- šlechtění rostlin MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- zásobování potravinami MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Thunderstorm ground enhancement (TGE) is a phenomenon that enhances radiation background on the ground related to thunderstorm activity and charge structure of the thundercloud. On the other hand, the rise of gamma background is connected with precipitation by the washout of radon progeny from the atmosphere. In our analysis, we examined known enhancements of gamma background, previously attributed solely to radon progeny, using data from the Czech Radiation Monitoring Network (RMN) to investigate the enhancements with respect to thunderstorms and TGE phenomena. We also used radar precipitation data and data from the lightning location network to analyze their influences on the radiation background enhancement during three thunderstorm events that occurred in summer 2016 over the Czech Republic (Central Europe). We state that the RMN might have detected TGE over the Czech Republic.
- MeSH
- atmosféra MeSH
- dceřiné produkty radonu analýza MeSH
- déšť * MeSH
- monitorování radiace přístrojové vybavení metody MeSH
- počasí * MeSH
- radon analýza MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- záření gama MeSH
- zeměpis MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The evolutionary and environmental factors that shape fungal biogeography are incompletely understood. Here, we assemble a large dataset consisting of previously generated mycobiome data linked to specific geographical locations across the world. We use this dataset to describe the distribution of fungal taxa and to look for correlations with different environmental factors such as climate, soil and vegetation variables. Our meta-study identifies climate as an important driver of different aspects of fungal biogeography, including the global distribution of common fungi as well as the composition and diversity of fungal communities. In our analysis, fungal diversity is concentrated at high latitudes, in contrast with the opposite pattern previously shown for plants and other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi appear to have narrower climatic tolerances than pathogenic fungi. We speculate that climate change could affect ecosystem functioning because of the narrow climatic tolerances of key fungal taxa.
Urban hydrology was created in order to improve methods of managing the runoff of precipitation in towns and protect them from flooding while also protecting public health and environment. The essence of a future solution consists in finding an acceptable compromise of an alternative solution for draining rainwater from a territory. The content of this work is a study focused on resolving the percolation of water from surface runoff and the confrontation between a field test, laboratory analysis, and numerical analysis. By confronting and subsequently proposing conditions for percolation, documents will be created for making urban drainage better and more efficient. The reason for the origin of the subject work follows from the insufficient information on infiltration systems in Slovak technical standards and, likewise, the lack of support for the percolation of water from surface runoff. This work points out the approaches, principles, and fundamentals of a proposal for percolation. The aim of the work is distribution of scientific knowledge in the field of research and solutions for the percolation of water from surface runoff, with emphasis placed on the retention capacity of the selected territory and the intensity of precipitation. A geological study (orientational, detailed or supplementary) must always be conducted with any decision on rainwater percolation in a certain locality. Its range is dependent on the difficulty and type of construction. The preliminary study of areal condition should be focused on detailed engineering-geological and hydrological information. After this work, it is concluded that the percolation of rainwater in urban areas with suitable hydrogeological condition is an effective rainwater management technology as well as protection to congestion of sewer systems.
- MeSH
- déšť * MeSH
- hydrologie MeSH
- odpad tekutý - odstraňování MeSH
- pohyb vody MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- velkoměsta MeSH
