INTRODUCTION: ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare, life-threatening disease which may result in serious pulmonary and kidney damage. Cyclophosphamide or rituximab and high-dose glucocorticoids significantly improved patient outcomes, but at the expense of severe complications. Moreover, many patients still relapse and bear a significant burden of both disease- and treatment-related complications. Alternative complement pathway and C5a receptor signaling were demonstrated to play an important role in AAV pathogenesis. Avacopan is selective C5a receptor inhibitor successfully tested in renal AAV as glucocorticoid-sparing agent. AREAS COVERED: Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy and safety of avacopan, available clinical trials and real-world experience with avacopan. EXPERT OPINION: In the phase 3 trial avacopan was shown to be non-inferior at six and superior at 12 months compared to high-dose glucocorticoids and either cyclophosphamide or rituximab in patients with active AAV. Treatment with avacopan was well tolerated and associated with improved quality of life. In patients with severe renal AAV, renal function improved more in avacopan-treated than in high-dose glucocorticoid-treated patients. Avacopan could thus replace high-dose glucocorticoids to avoid glucocorticoid-related toxicity and to improve long term renal outcome. As avacopan is CYP 3A4 inhibitor and substrate, drug-drug interactions must be considered during the treatment.

• MeSH
• ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• aniliny MeSH
• cyklofosfamid aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy * aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• imunosupresiva aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• kvalita života * MeSH
• kyseliny nipekotinové MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• receptor pro anafylatoxin C5a antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rituximab škodlivé účinky   aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

INTRODUCTION: ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare but potentially life-threatening disease. Currently used induction treatment (cyclophosphamide or rituximab with high-dose corticosteroids) has significantly improved outcome of AAV, but is associated with high toxicity. Alternative complement pathway activation was shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of AAV, thus providing rationale for the use of avacopan, a selective inhibitor of C5a receptor, in the treatment of AAV. Areas covered: Pharmacokinetic and pharmocodynamic properties of avacopan, clinical efficacy and safety and tolerability of avacopan in so far performed clinical trials in patients with AAV are reviewed and discussed. Expert opinion: Avacopan was shown to have at least similar efficacy compared to high dose corticosteroids in patients with active AAV with renal involvement, while there were no major safety issues reported. Replacement of corticosteroids should decrease the corticosteroid-related toxicity and improve long-term outcome of patients with AAV even though this still needs to be confirmed in a larger trial. Data on long-term outcome of avacopan-treated patients are currently lacking and will be eagerly awaited. In the future, avacopan could replace corticosteroids not only in the induction phase, but also in the maintenance treatment of AAV.

• MeSH
• ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• aniliny škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunologické faktory aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kyseliny nipekotinové škodlivé účinky   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• receptor pro anafylatoxin C5a antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Alternative C activation is involved in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis. However, glucocorticoids used as treatment contribute to the morbidity and mortality of vasculitis. We determined whether avacopan (CCX168), an orally administered, selective C5a receptor inhibitor, could replace oral glucocorticoids without compromising efficacy. In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, adults with newly diagnosed or relapsing vasculitis received placebo plus prednisone starting at 60 mg daily (control group), avacopan (30 mg, twice daily) plus reduced-dose prednisone (20 mg daily), or avacopan (30 mg, twice daily) without prednisone. All patients received cyclophosphamide or rituximab. The primary efficacy measure was the proportion of patients achieving a ≥50% reduction in Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score by week 12 and no worsening in any body system. We enrolled 67 patients, 23 in the control and 22 in each of the avacopan groups. Clinical response at week 12 was achieved in 14 of 20 (70.0%) control patients, 19 of 22 (86.4%) patients in the avacopan plus reduced-dose prednisone group (difference from control 16.4%; two-sided 90% confidence limit, -4.3% to 37.1%; P=0.002 for noninferiority), and 17 of 21 (81.0%) patients in the avacopan without prednisone group (difference from control 11.0%; two-sided 90% confidence limit, -11.0% to 32.9%; P=0.01 for noninferiority). Adverse events occurred in 21 of 23 (91%) control patients, 19 of 22 (86%) patients in the avacopan plus reduced-dose prednisone group, and 21 of 22 (96%) patients in the avacopan without prednisone group. In conclusion, C5a receptor inhibition with avacopan was effective in replacing high-dose glucocorticoids in treating vasculitis.

• MeSH
• ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy farmakoterapie   MeSH
• aniliny škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cyklofosfamid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• glukokortikoidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunosupresiva terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kyseliny nipekotinové škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prednison aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• receptor pro anafylatoxin C5a antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rituximab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• studie CLEAR, avacopan,
• MeSH
• ANCA-asociované vaskulitidy * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• aniliny škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• cyklofosfamid terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• glukokortikoidy škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• imunosupresiva terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• kyseliny nipekotinové škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multicentrické studie jako téma MeSH
• prednison škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie jako téma MeSH
• receptor pro anafylatoxin C5a antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rituximab terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH