Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, G. lamblia) is a widespread gastrointestinal protozoan parasite with debated taxonomic status. Currently, eight distinct genetic sub-groups, termed assemblages A-H, are defined based on a few genetic markers. Assemblages A and B may represent distinct species and are both of human public health relevance. Genomic studies are scarce and the few reference genomes available, in particular for assemblage B, are insufficient for adequate comparative genomics. Here, by combining long- and short-read sequences generated by PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies, we provide nine annotated genome sequences for reference from new clinical isolates (four assemblage A and five assemblage B parasite isolates). Isolates chosen represent the currently accepted classification of sub-assemblages AI, AII, BIII and BIV. Synteny over the whole genome was generally high, but we report chromosome-level translocations as a feature that distinguishes assemblage A from B parasites. Orthologue gene group analysis was used to define gene content differences between assemblage A and B and to contribute a gene-set-based operational definition of respective taxonomic units. Giardia is tetraploid, and high allelic sequence heterogeneity (ASH) for assemblage B vs. assemblage A has been observed so far. Noteworthy, here we report an extremely low ASH (0.002%) for one of the assemblage B isolates (a value even lower than the reference assemblage A isolate WB-C6). This challenges the view of low ASH being a notable feature that distinguishes assemblage A from B parasites, and low ASH allowed assembly of the most contiguous assemblage B genome currently available for reference. In conclusion, the description of nine highly contiguous genome assemblies of new isolates of G. duodenalis assemblage A and B adds to our understanding of the genomics and species population structure of this widespread zoonotic parasite.
- MeSH
- genomika MeSH
- Giardia lamblia * genetika MeSH
- Giardia genetika MeSH
- giardiáza * parazitologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
While cryptosporidiosis is recognized as being among the most common causes of human parasitic diarrhea in the world, there is currently limited knowledge on Cryptosporidium infection mechanisms, incomplete codification of diagnostic methods, and a need for additional therapeutic options. In response, the Seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference (IGCC 2019) was hosted from 23 to 26 June 2019, at the Rouen Normandy University, France. This trusted event brought together an international delegation of researchers to synthesize recent advances and identify key research questions and knowledge gaps. The program of the interdisciplinary conference included all aspects of host-parasite relationships from basic research to applications to human and veterinary medicine, and environmental issues associated with waterborne parasites and their epidemiological consequences. In relation to Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis, the primary research areas for which novel findings and the most impressive communications were presented and discussed included: Cryptosporidium in environmental waters, seafood, and fresh produce; Animal epidemiology; Human cryptosporidiosis and epidemiology; Genomes and genomic evolution encompassing: Comparative genomics of Cryptosporidium spp., Genomic insights into biology, Acquiring and utilizing genome sequences, Genetic manipulation; Host-parasite interaction (immunology, microbiome); and Diagnosis and treatment. High quality presentations discussed at the conference reflected decisive progress and identified new opportunities that will engage investigators and funding agencies to spur future research in a "one health" approach to improve basic knowledge and the clinical and public health management of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium genetika patogenita MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Giardia genetika patogenita MeSH
- giardiáza * MeSH
- kongresy jako téma MeSH
- kryptosporidióza * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- One Health MeSH
- průjem MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
IntroductionThis paper reviews the current knowledge and understanding of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in humans, animals and the environment in 10 countries in the eastern part of Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Methods: Published scientific papers and conference proceedings from the international and local literature, official national health service reports, national databases and doctoral theses in local languages were reviewed to provide an extensive overview on the epidemiology, diagnostics and research on these pathogens, as well as analyse knowledge gaps and areas for further research. Results:Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were found to be common in eastern Europe, but the results from different countries are difficult to compare because of variations in reporting practices and detection methodologies used. Conclusion: Upgrading and making the diagnosis/detection procedures more uniform is recommended throughout the region. Public health authorities should actively work towards increasing reporting and standardising reporting practices as these prerequisites for the reported data to be valid and therefore necessary for appropriate control plans.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- Giardia genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- giardiáza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci přenášené potravou epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- veřejné zdravotnictví * MeSH
- životní prostředí MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- východní Evropa MeSH
To date, genotyping data on giardiasis have not been available in the Czech Republic. In this study, we characterized 47 human isolates of Giardia intestinalis from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic giardiasis cases. Genomic DNA from trophozoites was tested by PCR-sequence analysis at three loci (β-giardin, glutamate dehydrogenase and triose phosphate isomerase). Sequence analysis showed assemblages A and B in 41 (87.2%) and six (12.8%) isolates, respectively. Two of the 41 assemblage A samples were genotyped as sub-assemblage AI, and 39 were genotyped as sub-assemblage AII. Four previously identified multilocus genotypes (MLGs: AI-1, AII-1, AII-4 and AII-9) and six likely novel variations of MLGs were found. In agreement with previous studies, sequences from assemblage B isolates were characterized by a large genetic variability and by the presence of heterogeneous positions, which prevent the definition of MLGs. This study also investigated whether there was a relationship between the assemblage and clinical data (including drug resistance). However, due to the large number of genotypes and the relatively small number of samples, no significant associations with the clinical data were found.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Giardia klasifikace enzymologie genetika MeSH
- giardiáza parazitologie MeSH
- glutamátdehydrogenasa genetika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- protozoální proteiny genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- triózafosfátizomeráza genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases represent the greatest threats to endangered species, and transmission from humans to wildlife under increased anthropogenic pressure has been always stated as a major risk of habituation. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of close contact with humans on the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protists in great apes, one hundred mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from seven groups habituated either for tourism or for research in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda were screened for the presence of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. using molecular diagnostics. RESULTS: The most frequently detected parasites were Enterocytozoon bieneusi found in 18 samples (including genotype EbpA, D, C, gorilla 2 and five novel genotypes gorilla 4-8) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi with genotype II being more prevalent (10 cases) compared to genotype I (1 case). Cryptosporidium muris (2 cases) and C. meleagridis (2 cases) were documented in great apes for the first time. Cryptosporidium sp. infections were identified only in research groups and occurrence of E. cuniculi in research groups was significantly higher in comparison to tourist groups. No difference in prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed between research and tourist groups. CONCLUSION: Although our data showed the presence and diversity of important opportunistic protists in Volcanoes gorillas, the source and the routes of the circulation remain unknown. Repeated individual sampling, broad sampling of other hosts sharing the habitat with gorillas and quantification of studied protists would be necessary to acquire more complex data.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Encephalitozoon klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- encephalitozoonóza epidemiologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- Giardia klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- giardiáza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- Hominidae MeSH
- intergenová DNA genetika MeSH
- kryptosporidióza epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci lidoopů epidemiologie mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- veřejné parky MeSH
- zoonózy epidemiologie mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rwanda MeSH
BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to endangered species, and a risk of gastrointestinal parasite transmission from humans to wildlife has always been considered as a major concern of tourism. Increased anthropogenic impact on primate populations may result in general changes in communities of their parasites, and also in a direct exchange of parasites between humans and primates. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of close contact with humans on the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protists in great apes, we conducted a long-term monitoring of microsporidia, Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in western lowland gorillas at different stages of the habituation process, humans, and other wildlife in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas in the Central African Republic. RESULTS: We detected Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotypes I and II (7.5%), Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D and three novel genotypes (gorilla 1-3) (4.0%), Giardia intestinalis subgroup A II (2.0%) and Cryptosporidium bovis (0.5%) in gorillas, whereas in humans we found only G. intestinalis subgroup A II (2.1%). In other wild and domestic animals we recorded E. cuniculi genotypes I and II (2.1%), G. intestinalis assemblage E (0.5%) and C. muris TS03 (0.5%). CONCLUSION: Due to the non-specificity of E. cuniculi genotypes we conclude that detection of the exact source of E. cuniculi infection is problematic. As Giardia intestinalis was recorded primarily in gorilla groups with closer human contact, we suggest that human-gorilla transmission has occurred. We call attention to a potentially negative impact of habituation on selected pathogens which might occur as a result of the more frequent presence of humans in the vicinity of both gorillas under habituation and habituated gorillas, rather than as a consequence of the close contact with humans, which might be a more traditional assumption. We encourage to observe the sections concerning hygiene from the IUCN best practice guidelines for all sites where increased human-gorilla contact occurs.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- Cryptosporidium klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Enterocytozoon klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- feces mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Giardia klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- giardiáza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- Gorilla gorilla MeSH
- habituace (psychofyziologie) MeSH
- kryptosporidióza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Microsporidia klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- mikrosporidióza mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci lidoopů mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- sociální prostředí MeSH
- zoonózy mikrobiologie parazitologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středoafrická republika MeSH
Differentiation into infectious cysts (encystation) and multiplication of pathogenic trophozoites after hatching from the cyst (excystation) are fundamental processes in the life cycle of the human intestinal parasite Giardia intestinalis. During encystation, a bi-nucleated trophozoite transforms to a dormant tetra-nucleated cyst enveloped by a protective cyst wall. Nuclear division during encystation is not followed by cytokinesis. In contrast to the well-studied mechanism of cyst wall formation, information on nuclei behavior is incomplete and basic cytological data are lacking. Here we present evidence that (1) the nuclei divide by semi-open mitosis during early encystment; (2) the daughter nuclei coming from different parent nuclei are always arranged in pairs; (3) in both pairs, the nuclei are interconnected via bridges formed by fusion of their nuclear envelopes; (4) each interconnected nuclear pair is associated with one basal body tetrad of the undivided diplomonad mastigont; and (5) the interconnection between nuclei persists through the cyst stage being a characteristic feature of encysted Giardia. Based on the presented results, a model of nuclei behavior during Giardia differentiation is proposed.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace MeSH
- buněčné jádro genetika MeSH
- Giardia cytologie genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- giardiáza parazitologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (Lambl, 1859) Kofoid & Christiansen, 1915 [syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia] has emerged as a widespread enteric pathogen in humans and domestic animals. In recent years, G. duodenalis has been found in cattle worldwide and longitudinal studies have reported cumulative prevalence of 100% in some herds. In the present study, we determined the prevalence and genetic characterisation of G. duodenalis in 200 dairy cattle from 10 dairy farms in São Paulo state, Brazil. All faecal specimens were screened for the presence of G. duodenalis using microscopy examination, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA was extracted from faecal samples and G. duodenalis were identified by amplification of the small subunit ribosomal (SSU-rDNA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or sequencing analysis. Giardia was identified in eight farm locations (80% prevalence). Overall, 15/200 (7.5%) animals were positive for infection, only one of which was a cow. Giardia duodenalis genotype E was present in 14 of the animals tested. Zoonotic genotype AI was present in one positive sample. Genotype E and genotype A represented 93% and 7% of G. duodenalis infections, respectively. This study demonstrates that G. duodenalis infection was prevalent in dairy calves in São Paulo state and that the non-zoonotic genotype E predominates in cattle in this region. Nevertheless, calves naturally infected in Brazil can shed Giardia cysts that can potentially infect humans, and thus, they may represent a public health risk.
- MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- Giardia genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- giardiáza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci skotu parazitologie patofyziologie MeSH
- protozoální proteiny MeSH
- skot parazitologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- skot parazitologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Brazílie MeSH
Giardia intestinalis is an ancient protist that causes the most commonly reported human diarrheal disease of parasitic origin worldwide. An intriguing feature of the Giardia cell is the presence of two morphologically similar nuclei, generally considered equivalent, in spite of the fact that their karyotypes are unknown. We found that within a single cell, the two nuclei differ both in the number and the size of chromosomes and that representatives of two major genetic groups of G. intestinalis possess different karyotypes. Odd chromosome numbers indicate aneuploidy of Giardia nuclei, and their stable occurrence is suggestive of a long-term asexuality. A semi-open type of Giardia mitosis excludes a chromosome interfusion between the nuclei. Differences in karyotype and DNA content, and cell cycle-dependent asynchrony are indicative of diversity of the two Giardia nuclei.
- MeSH
- Ascaris patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- Cryptosporidium genetika patogenita MeSH
- Echinococcus granulosus metabolismus růst a vývoj patogenita MeSH
- Echinococcus multilocularis metabolismus růst a vývoj patogenita MeSH
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi patogenita MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- Giardia genetika parazitologie patogenita MeSH
- giardiáza patofyziologie přenos MeSH
- infekce oblými hlísty etiologie parazitologie MeSH
- larva migrans viscerální etiologie patofyziologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- paraziti MeSH
- psi MeSH
- Strongyloides stercoralis patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- zoonózy přenos MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- psi MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
