Unlike past health crises that were more localized, the highly contagious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis is impacting the world to an unprecedented extent. This is the first study examining how and whether the COVID-19 pandemic affects herding behavior in the Eastern European stock markets. Using samples from the stock markets of Russia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, and Slovenia from January 1, 2010 to March 10, 2021, we demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased herding behavior in all the sample stock markets. Our results show that the COVID-19 crisis reinforces the impact of global market returns on herding behavior in these specific stock markets. We find that COVID-19 strengthens the spillover effect of regional herding on herding behavior. Thus, financial authorities should monitor investors in the stock market to avoid the increase in herding behavior as well as the reinforcement of the global market returns and regional return dispersion on herding during the period of pandemic.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * MeSH
• investice MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obchod MeSH
• pandemie * MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Chorvatsko MeSH
• Maďarsko MeSH
• Polsko MeSH
• Rusko MeSH
• Slovinsko MeSH

Despite anecdotal reports of the astonishing homing abilities in dogs, their homing strategies are not fully understood. We equipped 27 hunting dogs with GPS collars and action cams, let them freely roam in forested areas, and analyzed components of homing in over 600 trials. When returning to the owner (homewards), dogs either followed their outbound track ('tracking') or used a novel route ('scouting'). The inbound track during scouting started mostly with a short (about 20 m) run along the north-south geomagnetic axis, irrespective of the actual direction homewards. Performing such a 'compass run' significantly increased homing efficiency. We propose that this run is instrumental for bringing the mental map into register with the magnetic compass and to establish the heading of the animal.

• MeSH
• magnetické jevy * MeSH
• orientace * MeSH
• pracovní psi fyziologie   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• teritoriální chování * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Alignment is a spontaneous behavioral preference of particular body orientation that may be seen in various vertebrate or invertebrate taxa. Animals often optimize their positions according to diverse directional environmental factors such as wind, stream, slope, sun radiation, etc. Magnetic alignment represents the simplest directional response to the geomagnetic field and a growing body of evidence of animals aligning their body positions according to geomagnetic lines whether at rest or during feedings is accumulating. Recently, with the aid of Google Earth application, evidence of prevailing North-South (N-S) body orientation of cattle on pastures was published (Begall et al. PNAS 105:13451-13455, 2008; Burda et al. PNAS 106:5708-5713, 2009). Nonetheless, a subsequent study from a different laboratory did not confirm this phenomenon (Hert et al. J Comp Physiol A 197:677-682, 2011). The aim of our study was to enlarge the pool of independently gained data on this remarkable animal behavior. By satellite snapshots analysis and using blinded protocol we scored positions of 2,235 individuals in 74 herds. Our results are in line with the original findings of prevailing N-S orientation of grazing cattle. In addition, we found that mutual distances between individual animals within herds (herd density) affect their N-S preference-a new phenomenon giving some insight into biological significance of alignment.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• elektromagnetická pole * MeSH
• orientace fyziologie   MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Out of rut, male red deer (Cervus elaphus) associate themselves in bachelor groups where animals compete for rank position via agonistic interactions. In a previous study on red deer, males were recognized either as "Non-Fighters" (NF, low frequency of attacks) or "Fighters" (F, high frequency of attacks). This study, therefore, aims to verify the consistency of the inter-individual differences in fighting attitude across different social contexts and investigate whether they could be considered an individual characteristic. Behavioral consistency was presumed across three different sampling seasons, assuming that NF would have lower cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) concentrations than the F males. In 2015 the males were kept in one large group and labelled NF and F. In 2016, the herd was divided into two subgroups ("NF" and "F") based on the frequency of attacks. Finally, in 2017, the males were divided into two randomly composed subgroups. Data about agonistic behavior and concentration of C and T were collected during each season. In 2015 the individuals differed only for the fighting attitude. After the division, the frequency of the attacks always increased, being consistently lower in NF than in F. Unexpectedly, a slight increase in the concentration of C was detected in the NF in 2016, compared to the F who experienced no difference neither in 2015 nor 2017. No significant differences were found in T. We concluded that, even though the males had shown behavioral plasticity, their diversified interaction-prone attitude had been maintained despite the modifications of the social environment.

• MeSH
• agonistické chování MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• hydrokortison metabolismus   MeSH
• parohy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• testosteron metabolismus   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř růst a vývoj   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Allosuckling is a situation when a female nurses a non-filial offspring. It was described in various ungulate species; however for camels this is the first description of this behaviour. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of allosuckling in captive camels (Camelus bactrianus) and to test whether it can be explained as a 'milk-theft' (opportunistic behaviour of calves) or alternatively as an altruistic behaviour of females. During 2005 and 2007, nine camel females and ten calves in four zoological gardens in the Czech Republic were observed. In total, 373 sucking bouts were recorded, from which 32 were non-filial (the calf sucked from the non-maternal female). Allosuckling regularly appeared in captive camel herds. As predicted for the milk-theft explanation, the non-filial calves sucked more often in the lateral position and even did not suck in the antiparallel position at all. The non-filial calves preferably joined the filial calf when sucking but in five cases (15.6% of non-filial sucking bouts) the calves sucked from non-maternal dam without the presence of filial calf. We then expected the differences in terminations of sucking bouts by females but did not find any difference in sucking terminations for filial and non-filial calves. As the calves were getting older, the incidence of allosucking increased. This was probably because skills of the calf to outwit the non-maternal dam increased and/or the older calves might be more motivated for allosucking due to the weaning process. Finally, duration of a sucking bout was shorter with non-filial than filial calves. The results of the study support the hypothesis of 'milk theft', being mostly performed by calves behaving as opportunistic parasites, but we cannot reject certain level of altruism from the allonursing females or their increased degree of tolerance to non-filial calves.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• kojená zvířata fyziologie   MeSH
• mateřské chování fyziologie   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• sací chování fyziologie   MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti fyziologie   MeSH
• velbloudi fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

We present a study focused on those factors influencing dominance position in young horses, with emphasis on the role of the mother. Horses, as other group-living polygynous mammals, form stable linear dominance hierarchies based on agonistic interactions. Higher dominance positions are believed to be connected, in both sexes, to better condition and higher reproductive success. Many variables play a role in forming the dominant-submissive relationships between horses; however, the maternal effect on the dominance position of the offspring still remains unclear, as do the possible mechanisms of transference ("inheritance"). We hypothesized that the maternal dominance position, plus differences in suckling parameters or maternal style, may be responsible for later outcome of the offspring's dominance position, characterized by 2 variables: index of fighting success (CB); and rate of winning encounters (RW). Our study animals were 8 groups of Kladruby horses, loose-housed lactating mares with foals (n = 66 mare-foal pairs); and subsequently 4 groups of the same foals at 3 yr of age. Our results revealed the impact of age on the dominance position of the young horses (P < 0.001 for CB, and P < 0.01 for RW), and residence in the group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively); not the maternal dominance position. Older foals reached higher dominance positions, independent of the dominance position, age, or experience of the mother; therefore, we did not find support for direct inheritance of maternal rank. Nevertheless, the foals born to the same mare in 2 consecutive seasons (n = 16 mares) revealed fair repeatability in the dominance position they obtained at 3 yr of age (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.46). This suggests an important constant effect of the mother on the social success of her progeny; however, we did not find a significant effect of any of the tested variables describing maternal characteristics or maternal care. Dominance position depended significantly on the foal's age at observation, and the residence in the herd formed via sequential introducing of later-weaned groups of foals. The most dominant horses were mainly recruited from the first-weaned group of the season, and thus were also the oldest individuals in the herd. Further research is needed to discover the role of foal personality and mare style, and their links to possible dominance behaviors in a herd.

• MeSH
• agrese fyziologie   MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• koně fyziologie   MeSH
• laktace fyziologie   MeSH
• mateřské chování fyziologie   MeSH
• odstavení MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• sociální dominance * MeSH
• sourozenci MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• povinné očkování dětí,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• důvěra psychologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• kolektivní imunita fyziologie   imunologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nežádoucí účinky léčiv diagnóza   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• odmítnutí terapie pacientem psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• pacientův souhlas se zdravotní péčí psychologie   MeSH
• povinné programy * organizace a řízení   využití   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• statistika jako téma MeSH
• vakcinace * metody   využití   zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• vakcíny * aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• veřejné mínění dějiny   MeSH
• zákonodárství lékařské normy   trendy   využití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• novinové články MeSH

This paper presents a study of the body orientation of domestic cattle on free pastures in several European states, based on the Google satellite photographs. In sum, 232 herds with 3,412 individuals were evaluated. Two independent groups participated in our study and came to the same conclusion that in contradiction to the recent findings of other researchers, no alignment of the animals and of their herds along geomagnetic field lines could be found. Several possible reasons for this discrepancy should be taken into consideration: poor quality of Google satellite photographs, difficulties in determining the body axis, selection of herds or animals within herds, lack of blinding in the evaluation, possible subconscious bias, and, most importantly, high sensitivity of the calculated main directions of the Rayleigh vectors to some kind of bias or to some overlooked or ignored confounder. This factor could easily have led to an unsubstantiated positive conclusion about the existence of magnetoreception.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat fyziologie   MeSH
• elektromagnetická pole MeSH
• orientace fyziologie   MeSH
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Příručka se zaměřuje na záchranářské psy a jejich výcvik. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.

• MeSH
• chování zvířat MeSH
• interakce člověk - zvíře MeSH
• náhlé příhody MeSH
• pomocní zdravotničtí pracovníci MeSH
• pracovní psi MeSH
• urgentní zdravotnické služby MeSH
• záchranná práce MeSH
• Publikační typ
• příručky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Chov zvířat. Živočišná výroba
• NLK Obory
• biologie
• urgentní lékařství

Wild giraffes live in extensive groups in the fission fusion system, maintaining long social distances and loose social bonds. Within these groups, resources are widely distributed, agonistic encounters are scarce and the dominance hierarchy was reported in males only, while never deeply analysed. In captivity, the possibility to maintain inter-individual distances is limited and part of the resources is not evenly distributed. Consequently, we suggest that agonistic encounters should be more frequent, leading to the establishment of the dominance hierarchy. Based on the differences in resource-holding potential, we suggested that the rank of an individual would be affected by age and sex. Based on hypotheses of prior ownership, we tested whether rank was positively affected by the time spent in a herd and whether it was stable in adult females, which were present long-term in the same herd. We originally monitored four herds of Rothschild giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildii) in Dvůr Králové zoo (n = 8), Liberec zoo (n = 6), and two herds in Prague zoo: Prague 1 (n = 8) and Prague 2 (n = 9). The Prague 1 and Prague 2 herds were then combined and the resulting fifth herd was observed over three consecutive years (2009, 2010, and 2011) (n = 14, 13, and 14, respectively). We revealed a significantly linear hierarchy in Dvůr Králové, Prague 2 and in the combined herd in Prague. Rank was significantly affected by age in all herds; older individuals dominated the younger ones. In females, rank was positively affected by the time spent in the herd and adult females in Prague maintained their rank during three consecutive years. This study represents the first analysis of the dominance hierarchy in the captive giraffe, and discusses the behavioural flexibility of the social structure in response to monopolisable resources in a captive environment.

• MeSH
• kompetitivní chování MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sociální dominance * MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• žirafy fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO fyziologie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH