BACKGROUND: Treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) are rapidly expanding, and immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors is a first- or second-line option for most patients. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present retrospective analysis was to explore the real-world impact of checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy compared with therapy using other types of targeted therapies using a large real-world database. METHODS: RenIS, a registry of patients with mRCC was used as a data source. Outcomes were compared for cohorts treated with TKIs or mTOR inhibitors only [targeted therapy (TT) cohort] versus patients who received immunotherapy (IO) using a checkpoint inhibitor in any line of treatment (IO cohort). Data from a total of 1981 patients were extracted from the registry, including 1767 patients in the TT cohort and 214 patients in the IO cohort. RESULTS: The median overall survival from the initiation of first-line treatment was 24.5 months versus not reached (p < 0.001) in the TT cohort versus the IO cohort, respectively [HR 0.23, 95% CI (0.17-0.31), p < 0.001]. The probability of 5-year survival was 24.2 versus 67.9% in the TT cohort versus the IO cohort, respectively. Immunotherapy in any line of treatment was associated with a lower risk of death. Overall survival was superior for patients receiving immunotherapy as the first or second treatment line compared with patients treated with non-immunological targeted therapy. CONCLUSION: In real-world patients with mRCC, immunotherapy is associated with significant survival benefit. The present retrospective analysis shows the real-world benefit of second-line immunotherapy in patients previously treated with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.
Currently, there are at least 70 pure domestic pig breeds, but only certain breeds are used in biomedical research. The domestic pig liver is suitable for preclinical research because its size, physiology, and anatomy are similar to that of the human liver; in addition, there is a high degree of genetic similarity between the two species. For planning experiments and identifying improvements in both invasive and noninvasive methods of liver disease management, the morphological similarities and dissimilarities of the pig liver to its human counterpart must be taken into consideration along with sexual dimorphism and interindividual and interspecific variability. Recent histological evaluations based on stereological methods enable precise quantitative morphological estimates and guarantee their unbiased accuracy. The results thereof are crucial for revealing and assessing histological changes and can contribute to the optimization of study designs. New trends in computed tomography data processing have also been introduced. This review article summarizes the newest trends and findings in the field of porcine liver anatomy and histology as applicable to preclinical research.
- MeSH
- biomedicínský výzkum metody MeSH
- druhová specificita * MeSH
- játra anatomie a histologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- nemoci jater terapie MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- sexuální faktory MeSH
- Sus scrofa anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
