The application of microfluidic devices as next-generation cell and tissue culture systems has increased impressively in the last decades. With that, a plethora of materials as well as fabrication methods for these devices have emerged. Here, we describe the rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices, using micromilling and vapour-assisted thermal bonding of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), to create a spheroid-on-a-chip culture system. Surface roughness of the micromilled structures was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing that the fabrication procedure can impact the surface quality of micromilled substrates with milling tracks that can be readily observed in micromilled channels. A roughness of approximately 153 nm was created. Chloroform vapour-assisted bonding was used for simultaneous surface smoothing and bonding. A 30-s treatment with chloroform-vapour was able to reduce the surface roughness and smooth it to approximately 39 nm roughness. Subsequent bonding of multilayer PMMA-based microfluidic chips created a durable assembly, as shown by tensile testing. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured as multicellular tumour spheroids in the device and their characteristics evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. Spheroids could be successfully maintained for at least three weeks. They consisted of a characteristic hypoxic core, along with expression of the quiescence marker, p27kip1. This core was surrounded by a ring of Ki67-positive, proliferative cells. Overall, the method described represents a versatile approach to generate microfluidic devices compatible with biological applications.
Barium and strontium are often used as proxies of marine productivity in palaeoceanographic reconstructions of global climate. However, long-searched biological drivers for such correlations remain unknown. Here, we report that taxa within one of the most abundant groups of marine planktonic protists, diplonemids (Euglenozoa), are potent accumulators of intracellular barite (BaSO4), celestite (SrSO4), and strontiobarite (Ba,Sr)SO4. In culture, Namystinia karyoxenos accumulates Ba2+ and Sr2+ 42,000 and 10,000 times higher than the surrounding medium, forming barite and celestite representing 90% of the dry weight, the greatest concentration in biomass known to date. As heterotrophs, diplonemids are not restricted to the photic zone, and they are widespread in the oceans in astonishing abundance and diversity, as their distribution correlates with environmental particulate barite and celestite, prevailing in the mesopelagic zone. We found diplonemid predators, the filter-feeding zooplankton that produces fecal pellets containing the undigested celestite from diplonemids, facilitating its deposition on the seafloor. To the best of our knowledge, evidence for diplonemid biomineralization presents the strongest explanation for the occurrence of particulate barite and celestite in the marine environment. Both structures of the crystals and their variable chemical compositions found in diplonemids fit the properties of environmentally sampled particulate barite and celestite. Finally, we propose that diplonemids, which emerged during the Neoproterozoic era, qualify as impactful players in Ba2+/Sr2+ cycling in the ocean that has possibly contributed to sedimentary rock formation over long geological periods. IMPORTANCE We have identified that diplonemids, an abundant group of marine planktonic protists, accumulate conspicuous amounts of Sr2+ and Ba2+ in the form of intracellular barite and celestite crystals, in concentrations that greatly exceed those of the most efficient Ba/Sr-accumulating organisms known to date. We propose that diplonemids are potential players in Ba2+/Sr2+ cycling in the ocean and have possibly contributed to sedimentary rock formation over long geological periods. These organisms emerged during the Neoproterozoic era (590 to 900 million years ago), prior to known coccolithophore carbonate biomineralization (~200 million years ago). Based on reported data, the distribution of diplonemids in the oceans is correlated with the occurrence of particulate barite and celestite. Finally, diplonemids may provide new insights into the long-questioned biogenic origin of particulate barite and celestite and bring more understanding of the observed spatial-temporal correlation of the minerals with marine productivity used in reconstructions of past global climate.
- MeSH
- baryum MeSH
- minerály MeSH
- oceány a moře MeSH
- plankton MeSH
- síran barnatý * MeSH
- stroncium * MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- oceány a moře MeSH
BACKGROUND: Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has obvious advantages in acquiring high-resolution images. 7 T MRI has been clinically approved and 21.1 T MRI has also been tested on rodents. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of ultra-high field on mice behavior and neuron activity. STUDY TYPE: Prospective, animal model. ANIMAL MODEL: Ninety-eight healthy C57BL/6 mice and 18 depression model mice. FIELD STRENGTH: 11.1-33.0 T SMF (static magnetic field) for 1 hour and 7 T for 8 hours. Gradients were not on and no imaging sequence was used. ASSESSMENT: Open field test, elevated plus maze, three-chambered social test, Morris water maze, tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, blood routine, biochemistry examinations, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent assay. STATISTICAL TESTS: The normality of the data was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test for statistical significance. The statistical cut-off line is P < 0.05. RESULTS: Compared to the sham group, healthy C57/6 mice spent more time in the center area (35.12 ± 4.034, increased by 47.19%) in open field test and improved novel index (0.6201 ± 0.02522, increased by 16.76%) in three-chambered social test a few weeks after 1 hour 11.1-33.0 T SMF exposure. 7 T SMF exposure for 8 hours alleviated the depression state of depression mice, including less immobile time in tail suspension test (58.32% reduction) and higher sucrose preference (increased by 8.80%). Brain tissue analysis shows that 11.1-33.0 T and 7 T SMFs can increase oxytocin by 164.65% and 36.03%, respectively. Moreover, the c-Fos level in hippocampus region was increased by 14.79%. DATA CONCLUSION: 11.1-33.0 T SMFs exposure for 1 hour or 7 T SMF exposure for 8 hours did not have detrimental effects on healthy or depressed mice. Instead, these ultra-high field SMFs have anti-depressive potentials. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central defect in cells creating the Warburg and reverse Warburg effect cancers. However, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer has not yet been clearly explained. Decrease of mitochondrial oxidative energy production to about 50 % in comparison with healthy cells may be caused by inhibition of pyruvate transfer into mitochondrial matrix and/or disturbed H+ ion transfer across inner mitochondrial membrane into cytosol. Lowering of the inner membrane potential and shifting of the working point of mitochondria to high values of pH above an intermediate point causes reorganization of the ordered water layer at the mitochondrial membrane. The reorganized ordered water layers at high pH values release electrons which are transferred to the cytosol rim of the layer. The electrons damp electromagnetic activity of Warburg effect cancer cells or fibroblasts associated with reverse Warburg effect cancer cells leading to lowered electromagnetic activity, disturbed coherence, increased frequency of oscillations and decreased level of biological functions. In reverse Warburg effect cancers, associated fibroblasts supply energy-rich metabolites to the cancer cell resulting in increased power of electromagnetic field, fluctuations due to shift of oscillations to an unstable nonlinear region, decreased frequency and loss of coherence.
- MeSH
- elektromagnetická pole * MeSH
- fibroblasty patologie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie patologie MeSH
- nádory patologie MeSH
- oscilometrie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
PURPOSE: Cancer initialization can be explained as a result of parasitic virus energy consumption leading to randomized genome chemical bonding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of experimental data on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) containing about 12,000 cases of healthy humans, cancer patients and patients with precancerous cervical lesions disclosed that the specific cancer and the non-specific lactate dehydrogenase-elevating (LDH) virus antigen elicit similar responses. The specific antigen is effective only in cancer type of its origin but the non-specific antigen in all examined cancers. CMI results of CIN patients display both healthy and cancer state. The ribonucleic acid (RNA) of the LDH virus parasitizing on energy reduces the ratio of coherent/random oscillations. Decreased effect of coherent cellular electromagnetic field on bonding electrons in biological macromolecules leads to elevating probability of random genome reactions. RESULTS: Overlapping of wave functions in biological macromolecules depends on energy of the cellular electromagnetic field which supplies energy to bonding electrons for selective chemical bonds. CMI responses of cancer and LDH virus antigens in all examined healthy, precancerous and cancer cases point to energy mechanism in cancer initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Dependence of the rate of biochemical reactions on biological electromagnetic field explains yet unknown mechanism of genome mutation.
- MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- elektromagnetická pole * MeSH
- LDH virus fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely genetické MeSH
- modely imunologické MeSH
- mutace genetika účinky záření MeSH
- nádory genetika imunologie virologie MeSH
- onkogeny genetika imunologie účinky záření MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie účinky záření virologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
