There is a clear experience in clinical practice: boys with a diagnosis of ADHD are clearly in greater numbers than girls. It is noteworthy that even in the "older" review articles, the cause of sex-dependent incidence is not mentioned. If we accept the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of such disorder, then the possible genetic predisposition breaks down into two separate groups. On the genome of an individual with ADHD and on the genome of the parents. However, it cannot be overlooked that the incidence of ADHD (3-7%) corresponds to the incidence and sex differences of the number of newborns born at a certain risk (premature birth, immaturity, hypotrophy, hypoxic-ischemic syndrome, low birth weight, etc.). This association of possible genetic predisposition with "external" risks in the genesis of ADHD raises the question of whether a higher incidence of ADHD, as well as higher morbidity and mortality in males, are a) the norm and the female is privileged, or b) the female is the norm and the male is handicapped. The picture of ADHD includes various cognitive dysfunctions with one possible cause in norepinephrine and dopamine insufficiency. Experimental work shows that in response to stress females release more catecholamines in the CNS than males. Since catecholamines stimulate membrane Na+ K+ ATPase activity, this means both the value of the membrane potential and the threshold for activation is increased. Females are more successful in responding to and adapting to a stressful situation due to their higher production of noradrenaline in the CNS.
- MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * diagnóza epidemiologie MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- katecholaminy MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- noradrenalin MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- abstrakt z konference MeSH
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of inferior alveolar nerve transection on inorganic components in mandibular molars of the rat. We used 26 male laboratory rats of the Wistar strain for the study, age 7-9 weeks. The rats were divided in three groups. The control group (intact) included 6 rats. The surgery was performed under general anesthesia. The experimental group included (group with the nerve transected on the left) included 12 rats. The sham group (group with the nerve prepared without transection) included 8 rats. The animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks. Molars from the left and right sides of the mandible were extracted. Element content levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The following elements were determined in all samples: magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and strontium (Sr). The nerve transection caused: a reduction of the contents of Ca and Sr in the mandibular molars; an increase in the contents of Mg and Zn; a difference arrangement of both sides for Na. The surgery approach itself caused a decrease in the contents of Na and K in the experimental and sham groups; the difference in K in M3 between the left and right sides disappeared due to the surgery. Our results have confirmed the hypothesis of inferior alveolar nerve transection having an effect on inorganic components in mandibular molars in the rat.
- MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mandibula * chirurgie MeSH
- moláry chirurgie MeSH
- nervus mandibularis * fyziologie chirurgie MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Brain edema is a fatal pathological state in which brain volume increases as a result of abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain parenchyma. A key attribute of experimentally induced brain edema - increased brain water content (BWC) - needs to be verified. Various methods are used for this purpose: specific gravimetric technique, electron microscopic examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dry/wet weight measurement. In this study, the cohort of 40 rats was divided into one control group (CG) and four experimental groups with 8 rats in each group. The procedure for determining BWC using dry/wet weight measurement was initiated 24 h after the completion of edema induction by the water intoxication method (WI group); after the intraperitoneal administration of Methylprednisolone (MP) together with distilled water during edema induction (WI+MP group); 30 min after osmotic blood brain barrier disruption (BBBd group); after injection of MP via the internal carotid artery immediately after BBBd (BBBd + MP group). While induction of brain edema (WI, BBBd) resulted in significantly higher BWC, there was no increase in BWC in the MP groups (WI+MP, BBBd+MP), suggesting a neuroprotective effect of MP in the development of brain edema.
- MeSH
- edém mozku * chemicky indukované diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- edém patologie MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- methylprednisolon farmakologie MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- voda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- fyziologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- biografie MeSH
- osobní vyprávění MeSH
- O autorovi
- Langmeier, Miloš, 1951- Autorita
Přestože existuje shoda nejen v popisu, výskytu i v hlavních neuroanatomických nálezech u ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), ale i v tom, že tento syndrom postihuje děti, které prošly buď rizikovým těhotenstvím, rizikovým porodem, či rizikovým postnatálním údobím, vyskytují se rozpory v interpretaci těchto nálezů. Příznaky ADHD představují nepochybně převahu excitačních procesů nad procesy útlumovými (zpožďovací, diferenciační útlum atd.), které ekonomizují, a tedy činí chování organismu účinnějším. Na úrovni plasmatických membrán neuronů je za jeden z faktorů inhibice považován chloridový kanál. Ten i všechny další aktivní proteinové komplexy (kanály, receptory, enzymy) musejí mít stabilní prostorovou orientaci. Chloridový kanál má sice určitou - intracelulární - fixaci, ale musí mít rovněž fixační body v prostoru lipidové dvojvrstvy. Tu mohou nabídnout mastné kyseliny s delším řetězcem a s více dvojnými vazbami - a to je především kyselina dokosahexaenová. Tato kyselina má přes miliardu možných prostorových variací a v savčím mozku představuje standardně jednu pětinu všech mastných kyselin. Nedostatek mastných kyselin řady PUFA omega 3 v organismu (a následně v CNS) může představovat významné riziko pro funkčnost neuronálních membrán (pro její fluiditu a i schopnost napomáhat zakotvení proteinů v membráně). Prokázali jsme totiž, že tzv. rizikoví novorozenci, tj. nedonošení, s nízkou porodní hmotností, za přítomnosti gestačního diabetu u rodiček, při hypotrofii atd., vykazují průkazně výrazný deficit právě nenasycených mastných kyselin řady omega 3. Podobně i stresové situace, např. nutriční deprivace vyvolávají také akutní pokles hladin PUFA omega 3 v organismu. Za úroveň klidového membránového potenciálu je spoluodpovědný i transmembranózně lokalizovaný enzym Na-K ATPáza. Jak hypoglykemie, tak krátkodobý nutriční stres nebo přítomnost kyseliny arachidonové v extracelulárním prostoru významně snižují aktivitu uvedeného enzymu. Naopak katecholaminy v pokusech in vivo a in vitro tuto aktivitu průkazně zvyšují. Mezi kauzálními příčinami geneze syndromu ADHD není jen určitá genetická predispozice, ale i prostředí "nepřízně" (disfavor) zasahující do intrauterinního a postnatálního vývoje. Ty vedou, mimo svůj specifický a všeobecný efekt, k narušené ultrastruktuře buněčných membrán neuronů a postihují a retardují diferenciační procesy CNS.
Though there is agreement on the description, incidence and main neuroanatomical findings in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as on the fact that this syndrome affects children who have undergone either high-risk conditions during pregnancy, during delivery or at the postnatal periods, there are discrepancies in interpretation of these observations. The symptoms of ADHD undoubtedly represent the predominance of excitation over inhibition processes (delay, stimulus discrimination and differentiation, etc.), which economize and make the behavior of the organism more effective. At the level of plasma membranes of neurons, one of the factors of inhibition is considered to be the chloride channel. It and all other active protein complexes (channels, receptors, enzymes) must have a stable spatial orientation. Although the chloride channel has some intracellular fixation, it must also have fixation points in the space of the lipid bilayer. This can be offered by fatty acids with a longer chain and with more double bonds - especially docosahexaenoic acid. This acid has millions of possible spatial variations and normally represents one-fifth of all fatty acids in the mammalian brain. Lack of PUFA omega 3 fatty acids in the body (and subsequently in the CNS) can pose a significant risk to the functionality of neuronal membranes (for its fluidity and the ability to anchor proteins in the membrane). We have shown that so-called high-risk newborns, i.e. premature infants, with low birth weight, in the presence of gestational diabetes in mothers, in hypotrophy, etc., show a significant deficit of just unsaturated fatty acids of the omega 3 series. Similarly, stressful situations, e.g. nutritional deprivation also causes an acute decrease in PUFA omega 3 levels in the body (and subsequently in the CNS) can pose a significant risk to the functionality of the neuronal membrane (for its fluidity and also the ability to help anchor proteins in the membrane). Resting membrane potential depends on the activity of the transmembranous localized enzyme Na-K ATPase. Both hypoglycemia and short-term nutritional stress or the presence of arachidonic acid in the extracellular space significantly reduce the activity of that enzyme. In contrast, catecholamines have been shown to increase the enzyme activity in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Among the causes of the development of ADHD syndrome not only a certain genetic predisposition is expected, but also an "unfavorable" environment that interferes with intrauterine and postnatal development. In addition to their general effect, environmental factors can lead to the impairment of neuronal cell membranes and affect and retard CNS differentiation processes.
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
- MeSH
- autoprotilátky * MeSH
- ghrelin imunologie MeSH
- inzulin imunologie MeSH
- leptin imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- melanocyty stimulující hormony imunologie MeSH
- neuropeptid Y imunologie MeSH
- poruchy příjmu potravy imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra imunologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Magnetic resonance imaging has been used for evaluating of a brain edema in experimental animals to assess cytotoxic and vasogenic edema by the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 imaging. This paper brings information about the effectiveness of methylprednisolone (MP) on experimental brain edema. A total of 24 rats were divided into three groups of 8 animals each. Rats with cytotoxic/intracellular brain edema induced by water intoxication were assigned to the group WI. These rats also served as the additional control group CG when measured before the induction of edema. A third group (WIMP) was intraperitoneally administered with methylprednisolone 100 mg/kg during water intoxication treatment. The group WI+MP was injected with methylprednisolone 50 mg/kg into the carotid artery within two hours after the water intoxication treatment. We evaluated the results in four groups. Two control groups (CG, WI) and two experimental groups (WIMP, WI+MP). Rats were subjected to MR scanning 24 h after edema induction. We observed significantly increased ADC values in group WI in both evaluated areas - cortex and hippocampus, which proved the occurrence of experimental vasogenic edema, while ADC values in groups WIMP and WI+MP were not increased, indicating that the experimental edema was not developed and thus confirming the protective effect of MP.
- MeSH
- antiflogistika farmakologie MeSH
- edém mozku diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- hipokampus diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- methylprednisolon farmakologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- mozek diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků MeSH
- mozková kůra diagnostické zobrazování účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to test the effect of transecting the inferior alveolar nerve on the inorganic bone component of the rat mandible. METHODS: 7-9 weeks old, male Wistar rats were used for the study. The animals were divided in 3 groups: control, experimental (nerve was transected) and sham (nerve was only prepared but not transected). After 4 weeks, the animals were killed, their teeth were extracted, and the mandibular bone was divided in 4 parts. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to the levels of 7 elements in the bone. RESULTS: The study results demonstrate that transection of the inferior alveolar nerve caused a decrease in calcium, iron, and strontium, and an increase of zinc. It caused the differences in potassium contents between the sides was significantly lower in the experimental group. The increase in the magnesium content, and decrease of sodium and potassium in the experimental group, as well as differences in the contents of: magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc between individual locations in the mandible are associated with the surgical approach. CONCLUSION: The results support our hypothesis - that sensory innervation has an impact on the inorganic component of the mandibular bone.
