S rozvolněním protiepidemických opatření, která lze očekávat v jarních a letních měsících, a předpokládaným opětovným nárůstem cestování považujeme za přínosné shrnout aktuální informace o současné situaci výskytu cholery ve světě. Cholera je endemická v řadě zemí světa, zejména v Asii a Africe. V souvislosti s pandemií covid-19 a zhoršující se socioekonomickou situací se její výskyt v některých oblastech významně zvýšil. V zemích Evropské Unie a Evropského hospodářského prostoru se vyskytují jen ojedinělé případy onemocnění cholerou, jedná se především o importy ze zemí s výskytem cholery.
With the relaxation of anti-epidemic measures expected in the spring and summer months and the anticipated resurgence of travel, we find it useful to summarize the current situation of cholera. Cholera is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worsening socioeconomic situation, its incidence has increased significantly in some areas. Only sporadic cases of cholera have been reported in the European Union and European Economic Area countries, which are mainly imports from endemic countries.
- MeSH
- cholera * dějiny epidemiologie přenos MeSH
- cholerové vakcíny terapeutické užití MeSH
- gastroenteritida mikrobiologie MeSH
- hlášení nemocí MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afghánistán MeSH
- Bangladéš MeSH
- Benin MeSH
- Haiti MeSH
- Indie MeSH
- Jemen MeSH
- Kamerun MeSH
- Keňa MeSH
- Mali MeSH
- Mosambik MeSH
- Nepál MeSH
- Niger MeSH
- Nigérie MeSH
- Tanzanie MeSH
BACKGROUND: In this study, we present and analyze toponyms referring to Socotra Island's endemic dragon's blood tree (Dracaena cinnabari) in four areas on the Socotra Archipelago UNESCO World Heritage site (Republic of Yemen). The motivation is the understanding of the past distribution of D. cinnabari trees which is an important part of conservation efforts by using ethnobotanical data. We assumed that dragon's blood trees had a wider distribution on Socotra Island in the past. METHODS: This research was based on field surveys and interviews with the indigenous people. The place names (toponyms) were recorded in both Arabic and the indigenous Socotri language. We grouped all toponyms into five different categories according to the main descriptor: terrain, human, plant, water, and NA (unknown). Also, this study identified current and historical Arabic names of dragon's blood trees of the genus Dracaena through literature review. RESULTS: A total of 301 toponyms were recorded from the four study areas in Socotra Island. Among names related to plants, we could attribute toponyms to nine different plants species, of which six toponyms referred to the D. cinnabari tree, representing 14.63% of the total phytotoponyms in the category. Three historical naming periods prior to 2000 could be identified. The most commonly used name for dragon's blood trees (D. cinnabari, D. serrulata, D. ombet) appears to be "ahrieb" "إعريهب" and its resin "dum al-akhawin" "دم الأخوين," while derived (mixed-cooked) products are called "eda'a" "إيدع," while regionally different names can be found. CONCLUSION: The place names that refer to D. cinnabari are herein suggested to represent remnant areas of once large populations. Therefore, the toponyms may support known hypotheses based on climate models that D. cinnabari had a wider distribution on Socotra Island in the past. This study also confirmed the historical importance of dragon's blood.
- MeSH
- distribuce rostlin * MeSH
- Dracaena * MeSH
- etnobotanika MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- rostlinné pryskyřice MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jemen MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Dental caries is the most widespread oral disease in the world, with multifactorial aetiology. It hinders not only the ability to eat good food, but also affects perfect speech and well-being. As the disease is almost completely preventable, and at its early stage well treatable, the prevalence of dental caries expresses the lack of public health literacy and skills in dental hygiene, and availability of adequate dental care. Children are especially vulnerable to dental caries, hence the WHO recommends regular monitoring of children's oral health and also appropriate controls for its continual improvement. We describe the part of the study targeted on dental health of Czech (CR) and Yemeni (YE) school children and its association with basic anthropometric markers of their nutrition. METHODS: Total of 190 children aged 5-6 years (100 from CR and 90 from YE, 111 males, 79 females - 22.5% of the wider study on 5-15 years old children) were involved (after obtaining informed consent from their parents). The sample is not representative. All dental examinations were performed in accordance with the WHO criteria by the same examiner. Each individual tooth, whether primary or permanent, was identified as intact, untreated decayed, extracted or filled. Also, dmft/DMFT indexes for individual children were calculated. Anthropometric measurements were performed by standardized methods and the body mass index (BMI-for-age) was calculated. For the statistical evaluation of differences, the program MedCalc Software Inc., Belgium, was used, especially t-test, Pearson's correlation (rho with 95% confidence interval (CI) and Spearmen's rank correlation coefficient; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Dental caries prevalence and dmft scores (2.12-4.31) were found to be rather high among this age group of children, with no significant differences in relation to gender and country; only 30.0% or less of children were caries free. The decayed component was the major part of the dmft scores, and the evaluation of restorative index (ri%) indicates a high percentage of untreated caries and a high treatment need. Especially in Yemeni children dental caries is wholly untreated (ri 0.0 %), but also in the CR the dental care is rather poor (ri 38-41%). The levels of association(s) between oral health markers (dmft/DMFT) and BMI were inconsistent (both positive and negative), but without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of poor dental health in these groups of Czech and Yemeni children and low or even no treatment urge effort to include WHO recommendations for practice into the national health policies. Prevention and control of dental caries can be promoted not only by dentists, targeting children and the whole family and their dental habits and lifestyle, with the cooperation of schools, paediatricians, general practitioners and with gynaecologists targeting new and expectant mothers, to increase their knowledge and skills.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- orální zdraví statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- zubní kaz epidemiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Jemen MeSH
- MeSH
- lékařské mise * pracovní síly MeSH
- urgentní zdravotnické služby organizace a řízení pracovní síly MeSH
- Publikační typ
- rozhovory MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jemen MeSH
V některých zemích Afriky a Arabského poloostrova je rozšířeno žvýkání listů rostliny katy jedlé (Catha edulis). Obsahuje mnoho různých chemických látek, mezi jinými i psychoaktivní alkaloidy cathinin a cathin. Má povzbuzující účinky, vyvolává mírnou závislost a u silných uživatelů má i prokazatelné škodlivé účinky na zdraví. Koncem minulého století byla zařazena mezi omamné látky jak v seznamech WHO, tak i v seznamu v České republice. V současné době je pokládána spíše za sociální a ekonomické riziko jak u jednotlivců, tak i na úrovni zemí, kde se rostlina pěstuje. Článek předkládá stručné informace o této problematice. Na mimoafrických kontinentech je kat užíván zejména v imigračních skupinách populace.
In some African and Arabian peninsula countries, the chewing of khat leaves is a common habit. It contains many different chemicals, psychoactive alcaloids cathinon and cathin, among others. Khat (Catha edulis) has stimulative effects, its also produces a mild dependence and health damages among heavy users. At the end of the last century khat was included into the lists of to be narcotic drugs, both in WHO and in the Czech Republic. Conteporarly, khat is considered rather social and economic risk, both for individual users and for countries growing khat. In other continents, the problems of khat chewing concern predominantly immigrants from Africa. The publication offers brief information on this topic.
- MeSH
- Catha * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- kontrola léčiv a omamných látek MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- listy rostlin MeSH
- poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- stimulanty centrálního nervového systému MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afrika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Jemen MeSH
- Střední východ MeSH
A fattening experiment was carried out to analyze and evaluate the effect of ram lamb genotype on the growth, feed conversion (FC), and carcass value of Dhamari ram lambs, F1 crossbreds of Dhamari × Tehami (F1 DhT), and Tehami ram lambs. Genotype of the ram lambs including the experiment (n = 30) had high significant effect on total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG), and FC (P < 0.01-0.001). Genotype of the lamb had significant effect on hot and cold dressing percentage (P < 0.001). Also, genotype of the lamb had significant effect on the highest leg percentage (P < 0.001). Furthermore, genotype of the ram lambs had significant effect on musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) area (P < 0.001). Genotype of the ram lamb had significant effect on TWG, ADG, and FC (P < 0.001). The results of moisture percentage, crude protein percentage, and ash percentage of muscle samples were significantly influenced by ram lamb's genotype (P < 0.001). Fasting live weight and other carcass measurements (hot carcass weight, leg weight, loin weight, shoulder weight, first quality cuts weight) have a positive and highest correlations (P < 0.001). The positive and the highest correlations were found between fasting live weight and hot carcass weight, first quality parts weight. In addition, the positive and the highest correlations were found between hot carcass weight and first quality cuts weight. In general, the results of this study documented that F1 DhT was better than Tehami ram lambs in ADG, TWG, and FC. Additionally, the results show that the feed conversion was in F1 DhT crossbreds ram lambs better than pure Dhamari and Tehami ram lambs, mainly in the carcass indicators.
- MeSH
- chov MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek genetika fyziologie MeSH
- ovce genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jemen MeSH
