The eukaryotic phylum Parabasalia is composed primarily of anaerobic, endobiotic organisms such as the veterinary parasite Tritrichomonas foetus and the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the latter causing the most prevalent, non-viral, sexually transmitted disease world-wide. Although a parasitic lifestyle is generally associated with a reduction in cell biology, T. vaginalis provides a striking counter-example. The 2007 T. vaginalis genome paper reported a massive and selective expansion of encoded proteins involved in vesicle trafficking, particularly those implicated in the late secretory and endocytic systems. Chief amongst these were the hetero-tetrameric adaptor proteins or 'adaptins', with T. vaginalis encoding ∼3.5 times more such proteins than do humans. The provenance of such a complement, and how it relates to the transition from a free-living or endobiotic state to parasitism, remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic and molecular evolutionary investigation of the heterotetrameric cargo adaptor-derived coats, comparing the molecular complement and evolution of these proteins between T. vaginalis, T. foetus and the available diversity of endobiotic parabasalids. Notably, with the recent discovery of Anaeramoeba spp. as the free-living sister lineage to all parabasalids, we were able to delve back to time points earlier in the lineage's history than ever before. We found that, although T. vaginalis still encodes the most HTAC subunits amongst parabasalids, the duplications giving rise to the complement took place more deeply and at various stages across the lineage. While some duplications appear to have convergently shaped the parasitic lineages, the largest jump is in the transition from free-living to endobiotic lifestyle with both gains and losses shaping the encoded complement. This work details the evolution of a cellular system across an important lineage of parasites and provides insight into the evolutionary dynamics of an example of expansion of protein machinery, counter to the more common trends observed in many parasitic systems.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Parabasalidea * MeSH
- paraziti * MeSH
- Trichomonas vaginalis * genetika MeSH
- Tritrichomonas foetus * genetika MeSH
- výpočetní biologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Trichomonads are a group of anaerobic flagellates. Two species of intestinal trichomonads have been described in cats - pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus and probably harmless Pentatrichomonas hominis. InPouch™ TF-Feline medium (Bio-Med Diagnostics, White City, Oregon, USA) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of T. foetus infection in cats. It is commercially available, relatively cheap and easy-to-use. The medium is intended to be highly specific to T. foetus as morphologically similar Pentatrichomonas hominis and Giardia sp. do not survive here longer than 24h. In this study we successfully cultivated P. hominis in InPouch™ TF-Feline medium for 3 days after inoculation with cat faeces. The identity of the organism was assessed by sequencing of SSU rDNA and ITS region. Possible coinfection with T. foetus was ruled out using Tritrichomonas-specific PCR. Our results suggest possible misdiagnosis of tritrichomonosis in cats using InPouch™ TF-Feline medium. PCR-based verification of culture-positive samples prior the potentially neurotoxic ronidazole treatment is recommended.
- MeSH
- feces parazitologie MeSH
- kočky MeSH
- kultivační média MeSH
- nemoci koček diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- protozoální infekce zvířat diagnóza parazitologie MeSH
- Tritrichomonas foetus izolace a purifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kočky MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
V naší laboratoři bylo vyšetřeno 376 vzorků trusu koček (01/2009 až 06/2009) pomocí PCR na Tritrichomas foetus (T.f). Jednalo se o případy zaslané veterinárními lékaři s podezřením na T.f. Kočky pocházely převážně z Německa, několik vzorků ze zahraničí. Třicet šest zvířat mělo pozitivní nález na T.f (9,6 %), u čtyř dalších koček (1 %) bylo prokázáno Tritrichomonas spp., Pokud to bylo možné, byly shromážděny podmínky chovu a anamnéza pozitivních zvířat. Převážná část těchto zvířat byla jeden rok stará nebo mladší. Jednalo se téměř výlučně o čistokrevné kočky. Mnoho jich žilo v chovech, v útulcích nebo alespoň v domácnostech s více kočkami, avšak také se vyskytovaly kočky chované samostatně a evropské krátkosrsté kočky. Dodatečně bylo vyšetřeno dalších 297 vzorků trusu koček (12/2008 až 03/2009) pomocí PCR na T. specifickém – PCR. U dvou koček bylo nejdříve odhaleno molekulárně biologicky Pentatrichomonas hominis (P. hominis) bez přítomnosti T.f. Data ukázala, že T.f. se vyskytuje jako možný původce průjmů koček také v Německu a musíme ji zahrnout do diferenciální diagnostiky. Musí být proveden výzkum patogenity P. hominis, stejně tak i další studie o prevalenci k T.f a P. hominis. f. Tyto vzorky pocházely ze zásilek k diagnostice průjmů a byly vybrány jen na základě hlenově – krvavého charakteru trusu. Další data k těmto kočkám nebyla dostupná. Z těchto 297 zvířat reagovalo 6,7 % pozitivně na trichomonády –PCR a polovina těchto zvířat v T.f. specifickém – PCR. U dvou koček bylo nejdříve odhaleno molekulárně biologicky Pentatrichomonas hominis (P. hominis) bez přítomnosti T.f. Data ukázala, že T.f. se vyskytuje jako možný původce průjmů koček také v Německu a musíme ji zahrnout do diferenciální diagnostiky. Musí být proveden výzkum patogenity P. hominis, stejně tak i další studie o prevalenci k T.f a P. hominis.
There were examined 376 samples of cat feces (from 01/2009 to 06/2009) using the PCR for Tritrichomonas foetus (T.f.) in our laboratory. The veterinarians sent us these samples with a suspicion of T.f. The cats came mostly from Germany, a few came from foreign countries. 36 animals (9.6%) were positive for T.f., in 4 other cats (1%) Trichomonas spp. was proved. In cases where it was possible, the anamnesis and the housing conditions of positive animals were collected. Most of these animals were one year old or younger. Almost all of them were purebred cats. Many cats lived in breeding, in shelters or at least in households with more cats. But there were also separately kept cats and European Shorthairs. Other 297 samples of cat feces were examined additionally (from 12/2008 to 03/2009) using the PCR for T.f. These samples came from shipments sent for the diagnosis of diarrhea and they were selected only on the basis of bloody mucus character of the feces. Other data about these cats were not accessible. 6.7% from these 297 animals responded positively to Trichomonas-PCR and a half of these animals to T.f. specific-PCR. Pentatrichomonas (P.) hominis without a presence of T.f. was detected in 2 cats primarily based on the molecular biology. The data showed that T.f. occurs as a potential etiological agent of diarrhea in cats also in Germany and it is necessary to include it in a differential diagnosis. It is necessary to realize a research on the pathogenicity of P. hominis and other studies on the prevalence of T.f. and P. hominis.
- MeSH
- ferredoxiny metabolismus MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- protozoální proteiny MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- skot MeSH
- Tritrichomonas foetus genetika metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- vazba proteinů MeSH
- železo metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- DNA fingerprinting MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- nemoci prasat parazitologie MeSH
- nemoci skotu parazitologie MeSH
- protozoální DNA analýza MeSH
- protozoální infekce zvířat MeSH
- protozoální infekce parazitologie MeSH
- Tritrichomonas foetus klasifikace MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- MeSH
- antitrichomonádové látky farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metronidazol farmakologie metabolismus MeSH
- organely metabolismus MeSH
- Trichomonas vaginalis metabolismus růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- Tritrichomonas foetus metabolismus růst a vývoj účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
