Introduction: Olive (Olea uropeae) is a traditional plant containing oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which are useful and used empirically for treating diabetes mellitus.Objective: To review the potential of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol as an evidence base for diabetes potential treatment and safety.Methods: This chapter summarizes several studies available on Pubmed and Google Scholar regarding the characteristic method and extraction method as well as the effectiveness and toxicity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in vitro and in vivo.Result: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are effective antihyperglycemics for treating T2D. They can reduce body weight, basal glycemia, and insulin resistance by stopping the liver from making glucose and stopping the body from absorbing glucose. Several studies have shown that both isolates can control glycemic levels equivalent to free fatty acids and are safe to use.Conclusion: Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are extracted by several methods and can be used as potential anti-diabetics with obesity risk factors. Evidence shows that both isolates are safe for both acute and chronic use.

• Klíčová slova
• oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol,
• MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• hypoglykemika * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• iridoidy farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Olea * fyziologie   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• testy toxicity metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Xylem vulnerability to embolism represents an essential trait for the evaluation of the impact of hydraulics in plant function and ecology. The standard centrifuge technique is widely used for the construction of vulnerability curves, although its accuracy when applied to species with long vessels remains under debate. We developed a simple diagnostic test to determine whether the open-vessel artefact influences centrifuge estimates of embolism resistance. Xylem samples from three species with differing vessel lengths were exposed to less negative xylem pressures via centrifugation than the minimum pressure the sample had previously experienced. Additional calibration was obtained from non-invasive measurement of embolism on intact olive plants by X-ray microtomography. Results showed artefactual decreases in hydraulic conductance (k) for samples with open vessels when exposed to a less negative xylem pressure than the minimum pressure they had previously experienced. X-Ray microtomography indicated that most of the embolism formation in olive occurs at xylem pressures below -4.0 MPa, reaching 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity at -5.3 MPa. The artefactual reductions in k induced by centrifugation underestimate embolism resistance data of species with long vessels. A simple test is suggested to avoid this open vessel artefact and to ensure the reliability of this technique in future studies.

• MeSH
• nemoci rostlin * MeSH
• Olea fyziologie   MeSH
• voda metabolismus   MeSH
• xylém metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase (NOX) are crucial for tip growth of pollen tubes. However, the regulation of NOX activity in pollen tubes remains unknown. Using purified plasma membrane fractions from tobacco and olive pollen and tobacco BY-2 cells, we demonstrate that pollen NOX is activated by calcium ions and low abundant signaling phospholipids, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in vitro and in vivo. Our data also suggest possible synergism between Ca(2+) and phospholipid-mediated NOX activation in pollen. Rac/Rop small GTPases are also necessary for normal pollen tube growth and have been proposed to regulate ROS production in root hairs. We show here elevated ROS formation in pollen tubes overexpressing wild-type NtRac5 and constitutively active NtRac5, while overexpression of dominant-negative NtRac5 led to a decrease of ROS in pollen tubes. We also show that PA formed by distinct phospholipases D (PLD) is involved in pathways both upstream and downstream of NOX-mediated ROS generation and identify NtPLDδ as a PLD isoform acting in the ROS response pathway.

• MeSH
• buněčná membrána enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fosfolipidy metabolismus   MeSH
• monomerní proteiny vázající GTP metabolismus   MeSH
• NADPH-oxidasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Olea enzymologie   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• peroxid vodíku farmakologie   MeSH
• protein - isoformy MeSH
• pylová láčka enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• rac proteiny vázající GTP metabolismus   MeSH
• reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• tabák enzymologie   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• vápník metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH