Background: Massilia virus (MASV) is a phlebovirus isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus in various regions of southwestern Europe. It is closely related to human pathogens such as Toscana virus and sandfly fever Naples virus. The natural cycle of phleboviruses is poorly understood. Indeed, experimental studies demonstrate that transovarial and sexual transmission are not efficient enough for the maintenance of the virus in nature and to date there is no convincing evidence that a species of vertebrates is the reservoir of the virus. Here, we studied various transmission routes of MASV taking advantage of experimental colonies representing different species of sand flies. Methodology/Principal findings: In P. perniciosus, four sources of infection were compared: (i) Virus-seeded larval food to the first instar larvae (L1), or (ii) to the fourth instar larvae (L4), (iii) virus-seeded blood meal to adult females, and (iv) virus-seeded sugar meal to adults of both sexes. From 875 adults emerged from infected L1 and L4, only three were positive. In females infected by bloodmeal the infection rate was high before defecation, then it decreased drastically; MASV RNA was detected in only 5 out of 27 post-defecation. Surprisingly, the most efficient route of infection was observed after intake of virus-seeded sugar meal: 72% of females (79/110) and 52% of males (51/99) were found to be MASV RNA-positive. In addition, MASV-infected sandflies regurgitated virus particules into the sugar drop and MASV RNA was detectable in this drop for at least 24 h after regurgitation. MASV RNA was detected in about one third of the P. perniciosus exposed to this sugar drop contaminated by regurgitation. Sugar meal infection was also tested with six other species of sand flies. In males, there were no significant differences in infection rates when compared to P. perniciosus. In females, most species tested showed high infection rate at the beginning but then significant gradual decrease in infection rate during the experiment. Conclusions/Significance: We present the first description of arboviral infection of a dipteran vector using sugar meal. In all seven sand fly species tested, MASV was detected for two weeks post-infection. Our results showed that MASV can be transmitted between P. perniciosus either through co-feeding or via an infected sugar source such as plant sap. These newly described routes of horizontal transmission may play an important role in the circulation of phleboviruses in nature.
- MeSH
- cukry MeSH
- fomity virologie MeSH
- hmyz - vektory fyziologie virologie MeSH
- horečka pappataci přenos MeSH
- jídla MeSH
- kontaminace potravin * MeSH
- Phlebovirus růst a vývoj izolace a purifikace MeSH
- Psychodidae fyziologie virologie MeSH
- stravovací zvyklosti * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Recently, Balkan virus (BALKV, family Phenuiviridae, genus Phlebovirus) was discovered in sand flies collected in Albania and genetically characterised as a member of the Sandfly fever Naples species complex. To gain knowledge concerning the geographical area where exposure to BALKV exists, entomological surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015, in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. RESULTS: A total of 2830 sand flies were trapped during 2014 and 2015 campaigns, and organised as 263 pools. BALKV RNA was detected in four pools from Croatia and in one pool from BH. Phylogenetic relationships were examined using sequences in the S and L RNA segments. Study of the diversity between BALKV sequences from Albania, Croatia and BH showed that Albanian sequences were the most divergent (9-11% [NP]) from the others and that Croatian and BH sequences were grouped (0.9-5.4% [NP]; 0.7-5% [L]). The sand fly infection rate of BALKV was 0.26% in BH and 0.27% in Croatia. Identification of the species content of pools using cox1 and cytb partial regions showed that the five BALKV positive pools contained Phlebotomus neglectus DNA; in four pools, P neglectus was the unique species, whereas P. tobbi DNA was also detected in one pool. CONCLUSIONS: We report here (i) the first direct evidence that the Balkan virus initially described in coastal Albania has a much wider dissemination area than originally believed, (ii) two real-time RT-PCR assays that may be useful for further screening of patients presenting with fever of unknown origin that may be caused by Balkan virus infection, (iii) entomological results suggesting that Balkan virus is likely transmitted by Phlebotomus neglectus, and possibly other sand fly species of the subgenus Larroussius. So far, BALKV has been detected only in sand flies. Whether BALKV can cause disease in humans is unknown and remains to be investigated.
- MeSH
- entomologie metody MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hmyz - vektory virologie MeSH
- horečka neznámého původu diagnóza epidemiologie virologie MeSH
- horečka pappataci epidemiologie přenos virologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Psychodidae virologie MeSH
- RNA virová genetika MeSH
- virus horečky pappataci genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Albánie epidemiologie MeSH
- Balkánský poloostrov epidemiologie MeSH
- Bosna a Hercegovina epidemiologie MeSH
- Chorvatsko epidemiologie MeSH
- Srbsko epidemiologie MeSH
A new phlebovirus, Medjerda Valley virus (MVV), was isolated from one pool of Phlebotomus sp. (Diptera; Psychodidae) sandflies trapped in the vicinity of the Utique site, northern Tunisia. Genetic analysis based on complete coding of genomic sequences of the three RNA segments indicated that MVV is most closely related to members of the Salehabad virus species, where it is the fourth virus for which the complete sequence is available. A seroprevalence study was performed to search for neutralizing antibodies in human sera in the same region. The results demonstrate that in this area, MVV can readily infect humans despite low seroprevalence rates. Salehabad species viruses have generally been considered to be a group of viruses with little medical or veterinary interest. This view deserves to be revisited according to our human seroprevalence results, together with high animal infection rate of Adana virus and recent evidence of human infection with Adria virus in Greece. Further studies are needed to investigate the capacity of each specific member of the Salehabad virus species to cause human or animal diseases.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- genom virový MeSH
- hmyz - vektory virologie MeSH
- horečka pappataci epidemiologie imunologie přenos virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- neutralizující protilátky imunologie MeSH
- Phlebovirus klasifikace genetika imunologie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- protilátky virové imunologie MeSH
- Psychodidae virologie MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Řecko MeSH
- Tunisko MeSH
- MeSH
- cestování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- horečka pappataci * diagnóza přenos virologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Phlebotomus * MeSH
- Phlebovirus * izolace a purifikace MeSH
- protilátky virové krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Středomoří MeSH
Česká republika jako člen Severoatlantické aliance zajišťuje na několika místech po celém světě úkoly, které jí plynou z tohoto členství. Příslušníci zdravotnické služby Armády České republiky se v průběhu posledních let aktivně podíleli na zabezpečení celé řady zahraničních misí. Jedním z cílů výjezdu na rok 2006 až 2007 je i Afghánistán, kde v současné době působí naši vojáci v rámci provinčních rekonstrukčních týmů (PRT) v misi Enduring Freedom a v rámci alianční mise ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) v Kábulu. Z hlediska možnosti odeslání našich příslušníků do této oblasti se autoři rozhodli ve svém sdělení prezentovat současnou epidemiologickou situaci této asijské země. Ve sdělení je využito osobních zkušeností autorky s péčí o místní pacienty z období jejího působení ve funkci praktického lékaře 11. polní nemocnice, která byla určena k plnění úkolů v misi Mezinárodních podpůrných bezpečnostních sil ISAF v Afghánistánu v roce 2002.
The Czech Republic as a member of NATO supports missions in several places of the world, which results from its membership. The Medical Service members of the Czech Army participated actively in foreign missions in the last few years. One of the destinations where missions take place in 2006–2007 is also Afghanistan where our soldiers work in provincial reconstruction teams. These missions are The Enduring Freedom and ISAF mission (International Security Assistance Force) in Kabul. The authors decided to present the recent epidemiological situation of this Asian country from the viewpoint of sending the Czech Army soldiers to Afghanistan. The report is based on the author‘s personal experience: she took care of local patients during the mission ISAF 2002 where she worked as a general practitioner in the 11th Field Hospital.
- MeSH
- hemoragická horečka krymská diagnóza etiologie přenos MeSH
- horečka pappataci diagnóza etiologie přenos MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida diagnóza etiologie přenos MeSH
- parazitární nemoci diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- poliomyelitida diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- zahraniční odborný personál MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Afghánistán MeSH
