Susceptibility to prion diseases is largely determined by the sequence of the prion protein gene (PRNP), which encodes the prion protein (PrP). The recent emergence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Europe has highlighted the need to investigate PRNP gene diversity in European deer species, to better predict their susceptibility to CWD. Here we report a large genetic survey of six British deer species, including red (Cervus elaphus), sika (Cervus nippon), roe (Capreolus capreolus), fallow (Dama dama), muntjac (Muntiacus reevesii), and Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis), which establishes PRNP haplotype and genotype frequencies. Two smaller data sets from red deer in Norway and the Czech Republic are also included for comparison. Overall red deer show the most PRNP variation, with non-synonymous/coding polymorphisms at codons 98, 168, 226 and 247, which vary markedly in frequency between different regions. Polymorphisms P168S and I247L were only found in Scottish and Czech populations, respectively. T98A was found in all populations except Norway and the south of England. Significant regional differences in genotype frequencies were observed within both British and European red deer populations. Other deer species showed less variation, particularly roe and fallow deer, in which identical PRNP gene sequences were found in all individuals analysed. Based on comparison with PRNP sequences of North American cervids affected by CWD and limited experimental challenge data, these results suggest that a high proportion of wild deer in Great Britain may be susceptible to CWD.
- MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci veterinární MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický * MeSH
- prionová bílkovina genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA veterinární MeSH
- syndrom chronického chřadnutí genetika MeSH
- vysoká zvěř * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Norsko MeSH
- Spojené království MeSH
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is an endoparasitic disease of salmonid fish caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea). This study presents a comprehensive view on PKD development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at an intensive fish breeding facility, with focus on mortality, pathology/histopathology, haematological findings and immune functions. Diseased and reference fish were sampled monthly and time course of natural infection was followed up from the onset of clinical signs (September 2014) to full recovery (January 2015). PKD- associated cumulative mortality was 30% with a peak value in October, while immunohistochemical testing indicated a continuous significant decrease in T. bryosalmonae numbers from September to December; with no parasites detected in January. During peak clinical infection, a significant decrease in red blood cell counts, haematocrit values, haemoglobin concentration, along with a reduction in lymphocytes and a significant phagocyte elevation corresponding with an increase in phagocyte oxidative burst were measured in comparison to control animals. Complement activity and total immunoglobulin plasma concentrations were also elevated, though only during the initial monitoring period (September). Individuals surviving PKD, recovered and were able to fully regenerate both renal structure and haematopoietic parameters to normal levels. Changes in the red blood cell parameters indicate anaemia and a decreased oxygen transportation capacity during the clinical disease phase. Together with an increased oxygen demand at higher temperatures and decreased oxygen solubility this could lead to decompensation and elevated mortality. The stimulation of immune parameters, and especially oxidative phagocytic burst, is likely to have had a strong effect on both, regeneration and elimination of the pathogenic agent.
- MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby veterinární MeSH
- Myxozoa fyziologie MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ledvin patologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ryb parazitologie MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss parazitologie MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat parazitologie MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- vodní hospodářství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- chov MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- Herpesviridae fyziologie MeSH
- herpetické infekce genetika mortalita veterinární MeSH
- kapři genetika virologie MeSH
- náchylnost k nemoci veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ryb genetika mortalita virologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
