BACKGROUND: Evidence on the potential interactive effects of heat and ambient air pollution on cause-specific mortality is inconclusive and limited to selected locations. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of heat on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and its modification by air pollution during summer months (six consecutive hottest months) in 482 locations across 24 countries. METHODS: Location-specific daily death counts and exposure data (e.g., particulate matter with diameters ≤ 2.5 μm [PM2.5]) were obtained from 2000 to 2018. We used location-specific confounder-adjusted Quasi-Poisson regression with a tensor product between air temperature and the air pollutant. We extracted heat effects at low, medium, and high levels of pollutants, defined as the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile of the location-specific pollutant concentrations. Country-specific and overall estimates were derived using a random-effects multilevel meta-analytical model. RESULTS: Heat was associated with increased cardiorespiratory mortality. Moreover, the heat effects were modified by elevated levels of all air pollutants in most locations, with stronger effects for respiratory than cardiovascular mortality. For example, the percent increase in respiratory mortality per increase in the 2-day average summer temperature from the 75th to the 99th percentile was 7.7% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 7.6-7.7), 11.3% (95%CI 11.2-11.3), and 14.3% (95% CI 14.1-14.5) at low, medium, and high levels of PM2.5, respectively. Similarly, cardiovascular mortality increased by 1.6 (95%CI 1.5-1.6), 5.1 (95%CI 5.1-5.2), and 8.7 (95%CI 8.7-8.8) at low, medium, and high levels of O3, respectively. DISCUSSION: We observed considerable modification of the heat effects on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality by elevated levels of air pollutants. Therefore, mitigation measures following the new WHO Air Quality Guidelines are crucial to enhance better health and promote sustainable development.
- MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * toxicita analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy * MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- velkoměsta MeSH
BACKGROUND: To study the impact of oxidative damage associated with particulate matter< 2.5 μm (PM2.5) during prenatal period on the cognitive development in five years old children. METHODS: Two cohorts of children aged five years, born in the years 2013 and 2014, were studied for their cognitive development in the polluted district Karvina and the control district Ceske Budejovice. Exposure to PM2.5 in the ambient air was measured for each mother during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Oxidative damage was determined from the level of biomarkers at delivery in mothers ́ and newborns ́ urine as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 ́-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and in plasma as 15-F2t-isoprostane levels (15-F2t-IsoP). The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BG test) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM test) were used as psychological cognitive tests. RESULTS: Average concentrations of PM2.5 ± SD in the 3rd trimester of mothers ́ pregnancies were 37.7 ± 14.7 μg/m3 and 17.1 ± 4.8 μg/m3 in Karvina and Ceske Budejovice, respectively (p < 0.001). The maternal level of 15-F2t-IsoP in plasma at the time of delivery was significantly associated with the results of the RCPM test (p < 0.05) and the BG test (p < 0.05) in five years old children. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid peroxidation in maternal plasma at the time of delivery has an adverse effect on the results of psychological cognitive tests in five years old children.
- MeSH
- 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosin MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vitaminy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Air pollution exposure is associated with reduced lung function and increased cardio-pulmonary mortality (CPM). OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the potential mediating effect of reduced lung function on the association between air pollution exposure and CPM. METHODS: We used data from the German SALIA cohort including 2527 elderly women (aged 51-56 years at baseline 1985-1994) with 22-year follow-up to CPM. Exposures to PM10, PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, NO2 and NOx were assessed by land-use regression modelling and back-extrapolated to estimate exposures at baseline. Lung function (FVC, FEV1) was measured by spirometry and transformed to GLI z-scores. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards and causal proportional hazards mediation analysis models were fitted. RESULTS: The survival analysis showed that reduced lung function (z-scores of FVC or FEV1 below 5% predicted) reflected significantly lower survival probability from CPM (p < 0.0001). Longterm exposures to NOx and NO2 were associated with increased risks of CPM (eg. HR = 1.215; 95%CI: 1.017-1.452 for IQR increase in NOx and HR = 1.209; 95%CI: 1.011-1.445 for IQR increase in NO2) after adjusting for reduced lung function and additional covariates. The associations of PM2.5 absorbance and CPM remained significant in models adjusted for FEV1/FVC, but the associations with PM10 and PM2.5 were not significant. The mediation analysis showed significant indirect effects of NO2 and NOx on CPM mediated through reduced FEV1 and FVC. The largest indirect effects were found for exposures to NO2 (HR = 1.037; 95%CI: 1.005-1.070) and NOx (HR = 1.028; 95%CI: 1.004-1.052) mediated through reduced FVC. The mediated proportion effect ranged from 13.9% to 19.6% in fully adjusted models. DISCUSSION: This study provides insights into the mechanism of reduced lung function in association between long-term air pollution exposure and CPM. The mediated effect was substantial for exposure to nitrogen oxides (NOx and NO2), but less pronounced for PM10 and PM2.5.
- MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- následné studie MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Air pollution is a high priority global health concern. The health damaging effects of ambient particulate matter (PM), a component of air pollution, are extensively documented, with 1.4% of deaths worldwide resulting from exposure to PM. A growing body of evidence suggests that mineral dust, found in PM, may contribute to some of these deleterious health impacts. Approximately half of atmospheric mineral dust originates from the Sahara Desert. This systematic but concise review summarizes the findings from recent literature exploring the adverse health effects of Saharan dust particles worldwide. The authors have shown that 1) PM contributes to all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity; 2) the PM arising from Saharan dust contributes to excess all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity; and 3) larger particle sizes may be more harmful than smaller particle sizes. However, there remain many questions regarding their effects on vulnerable patient populations, underlying mechanisms of action, and regional variations in both environmental and health effects. This review highlights the urgent need for continued and deeper analyses of this emerging public health issue. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(6):749-60.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály škodlivé účinky MeSH
- morbidita MeSH
- mortalita MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky chemie MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- severní Afrika MeSH
The application of nanomaterials has been rapidly increasing during recent years. Inhalation exposure to nanoparticles (NP) may result in negative toxic effects but there is a critical lack of human studies, especially those related to possible DNA alterations. We analyzed pre-shift and post-shift a group of nanocomposite researchers with a long-term working background (17.8 ± 10.0 years) and matched controls. The study group consisted of 73.2% males and 26.8% females. Aerosol exposure monitoring during a working shift (involving welding, smelting, machining) to assess the differences in exposure to particulate matter (PM) including nanosized fractions <25-100 nm, and their chemical analysis, was carried out. A micronucleus assay using Human Pan Centromeric probes, was applied to distinguish between the frequency of centromere positive (CEN+) and centromere negative (CEN-) micronuclei (MN) in the binucleated cells. This approach allowed recognition of the types of chromosomal damage: losses and breaks. The monitoring data revealed differences in the exposure to NP related to individual working processes, and in the chemical composition of nanofraction. The cytogenetic results of this pilot study demonstrated a lack of effect of long-term (years) exposure to NP (total frequency of MN, P = 0.743), although this exposure may be responsible for DNA damage pattern changes (12% increase of chromosomal breaks-clastogenic effect). Moreover, short-term (daily shift) exposure could be a reason for the increase of chromosomal breaks in a subgroup of researchers involved in welding and smelting processes (clastogenic effect, P = 0.037). The gender and/or gender ratio of the study participants was also an important factor for the interpretation of the results. As this type of human study is unique, further research is needed to understand the effects of long-term and short-term exposure to NP.
- MeSH
- cytogenetické vyšetření * metody MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrojaderné testy metody MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mutageny škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nanočástice * MeSH
- pevné částice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: The systematic evaluation of the results of time-series studies of air pollution is challenged by differences in model specification and publication bias. METHODS: We evaluated the associations of inhalable particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10) and fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) with daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality across multiple countries or regions. Daily data on mortality and air pollution were collected from 652 cities in 24 countries or regions. We used overdispersed generalized additive models with random-effects meta-analysis to investigate the associations. Two-pollutant models were fitted to test the robustness of the associations. Concentration-response curves from each city were pooled to allow global estimates to be derived. RESULTS: On average, an increase of 10 μg per cubic meter in the 2-day moving average of PM10 concentration, which represents the average over the current and previous day, was associated with increases of 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.50) in daily all-cause mortality, 0.36% (95% CI, 0.30 to 0.43) in daily cardiovascular mortality, and 0.47% (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.58) in daily respiratory mortality. The corresponding increases in daily mortality for the same change in PM2.5 concentration were 0.68% (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.77), 0.55% (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.66), and 0.74% (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.95). These associations remained significant after adjustment for gaseous pollutants. Associations were stronger in locations with lower annual mean PM concentrations and higher annual mean temperatures. The pooled concentration-response curves showed a consistent increase in daily mortality with increasing PM concentration, with steeper slopes at lower PM concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show independent associations between short-term exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 and daily all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in more than 600 cities across the globe. These data reinforce the evidence of a link between mortality and PM concentration established in regional and local studies. (Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and others.).
- MeSH
- celosvětové zdraví MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci mortalita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mortalita * MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy mortalita MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- příčina smrti MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with particulate matter (PM) may induce oxidative damage via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the kinetics of ROS production and the link with antioxidant response induction has not been well studied. To elucidate the differences in oxidative potential of individual PAH compounds and extractable organic matter (EOM) from PM containing various PAH mixtures, we studied ROS formation and antioxidant response [total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and expression of HMOX1 and TXNRD1] in human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) and human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEL12469 cells). We treated the cells with three concentrations of model PAHs (benzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P; 3-nitrobenzanthrone, 3-NBA) and EOM from PM <2.5 μm (PM2.5). ROS levels were evaluated at 8 time intervals (30 min-24 h). In both cell lines, B[a]P treatment was associated with a time-dependent decrease of ROS levels. This trend was more pronounced in HEL12469 cells and was accompanied by increased TAC. A similar response was observed upon 3-NBA treatment in HEL12469 cells. In A549 cells, however, this compound significantly increased superoxide levels. This response was accompanied by the decrease of TAC as well as HMOX1 and TXNRD1 expression. In both cell lines, a short-time exposure to EOMs tended to increase ROS levels, while a marked decrease was observed after longer treatment periods. This was accompanied by the induction of HMOX1 and TXNRD1 expression in HEL12469 cells and increased TAC in A549 cells. In summary, our data indicate that in the studied cell lines B[a]P and EOMs caused a time-dependent decrease of intracellular ROS levels, probably due to the activation of the antioxidant response. This response was not detected in A549 cells following 3-NBA treatment, which acted as a strong superoxide inducer. Pro-oxidant properties of EOMs are limited to short-time exposure periods.
- MeSH
- buňky A549 MeSH
- fibroblasty účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- organické látky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- plíce účinky léků metabolismus patologie MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Výsledky výzkumu prokazují, že znečištěné ovzduší může nepříznivě ovlivňovat neuropsychický vývoj dětí. První práce prokázaly zvýšení lehkých mozkových dysfunkcí u dětí v Severočeském kraji již v osmdesátých letech. Později byla prokazována neurotoxicita ovzduší u dětí z 2.–8. tříd při srovnání znečištěného okresu Teplice a kontrolního okresu Prachatice. Vliv prenatální expozice polycyklickým aromatickým uhlovodíkům (PAU) byl studován na kohortách dětí z New Yorku, Krakova (Polsko) a Tongliang (Čína). Bylo pozorováno snížení kognitivních funkcí, inteligenčního kvocientu, snížení objemu bílé hmoty mozkové v levé hemisféře. Studie ze Španělska prokazují nepříznivý vliv NO2 (kysličníku dusičitého) z ovzduší znečištěného dopravou na kognitivní a psychomotorický vývoj dětí během školní docházky i důsledek prenatální expozice na ovlivnění pozornosti. Zvýšené koncentrace jemných prachových částic PM2,5 z dopravy ovlivňují u dětí pracovní paměť a pozornost. Ve Španělsku je dlouhodobě sledován vliv zeleně na neuropsychický vývoj dětí. Studie prokazují snížení výskytu symptomů ADHD, zlepšení pracovní paměti, snížení nepozornosti i zvýšení objemu šedé a bílé hmoty mozku.
The results of research indicate, that air pollution may unfavourably affect neuropsychological development in children. First informationabout such deterioration showed the increase of minimal brain dysfuction in children from the Northern Bohemia Regionin Czech Republic in eighties. Later was observed the neurotoxicity of polluted air in children from 2nd to 8th class, comparing thepolluted district of Teplice with the control district of Prachatice. Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) wasstudied in cohorts of children from New York (USA), Krakow (Poland), and Tongliang (China). All studies observed the decrease ofcognitive functions, inteligency quocient, decrease of white matter volume of the left hemisphere. Studies from Spain prove unfavorableeffect of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the air polluted by traffic to cognitive and psychomotoric development of primaryschool children as well as the impact of prenatal exposure to affect attention. Increased concentrations of PM2,5 (particulate matter< 2,5 mm) from traffic emissions affect working memory and attention in children. Impact of geen spaces to neurodevelopmentaldevelopment is followed for a long time in Spain. Studies prove the decrease of ADHD symptoms, improvement of working memory,improvement of attention, as well as the increase of the grey and white matter of brain volume.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxid dusičitý škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pozornost MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- vývoj dítěte MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší statistika a číselné údaje škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, the expression of transient receptor potential melastatin-2 (TRPM2) in guinea pig brains, and the influence of melatonin on oxidative stress in lungs and airway inflammation induced by particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5). A particle suspension (0.1 g/ml) was nasally administered to the guinea pigs to prepare a PM2.5 exposure model. Cough frequency and cough incubation period were determined through RM6240B biological signal collection and disposal system. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), in the medulla oblongata were examined through spectrophotometer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected in the hypoglossal nucleus, cuneate nucleus, Botzinger complex, dorsal vagal complex, and airway through dihydroethidium fluorescence. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and substance P expression via immunohistochemistry revealed the inflammatory levels in the airway. TRPM2 was observed in the medulla oblongata through immunofluorescence and Western blot. The ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal mitochondria was determined by using a transmission electron microscope. Our study suggests that melatonin treatment decreased PM2.5-induced oxidative stress level in the brains and lungs and relieved airway inflammation and chronic cough. TRPM2 might participate in oxidative stress in the cough center by regulating cough.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia terapeutické užití MeSH
- hematoencefalická bariéra účinky léků patologie MeSH
- kašel chemicky indukované farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- kationtové kanály TRPM metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- medulla oblongata účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- melatonin terapeutické užití MeSH
- morčata MeSH
- mozek - chemie účinky léků MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- plíce účinky léků MeSH
- velikost částic MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- morčata MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- deprese * etiologie MeSH
- kouření tabáku * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- logistické modely MeSH
- pevné částice škodlivé účinky MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- novinové články MeSH
