The article assesses differences in lifetime losses caused by premature deaths from cardiopulmonary disease in populations living in areas with different environmental burdens. The results provide different perspectives on data on total years lost and lifetime losses attributable to air pollution. Such lifetime losses in the industrial area related to cardiovascular causes of death are 7.6 or 5.1 years per male or female deceased, representing an average lifetime loss of 0.01907 years (i.e. 7 days) per 1 male or 0.01273 years (i.e. 4.6 days) per 1 female in the entire population. Losses related to cerebrovascular or respiratory causes of death are about 5.4 or 5.9 years per 1 deceased male or 3.9 or 5 years per 1 deceased female, respectively, which represents a loss of 0.00481 (1.8 days), or 0.00148 years (0.5 days) per 1 male or 0.00466 (1.7 days), or 0.00058 years (0.2 days) per 1 female.
- MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci * chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * toxicita analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy * chemicky indukované epidemiologie MeSH
- pevné částice analýza MeSH
- předčasná smrt MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * škodlivé účinky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The remoteness and low population in the Arctic allow us to study global environmental processes, where the analysis of indicators can provide useful information about local and distant pollution sources. Fresh snow represents a convenient indicator of regional and transboundary atmospheric contamination sources, entrapping aerosols, and particulates like a natural autosampler of the environment. Lead stable isotopes are widely used to trace and monitor local and distant pollution sources. However, the behavior of Pb within different snow components is still not thoroughly studied, and its significance could be underestimated if only larger particulates are accounted for. We collected snow and samples from potential sources (fuel, rocks, coal) in three Arctic localities: Nuuk (Greenland), Reykjavik (Iceland), and Longyearbyen (Svalbard). We separated the filtrate from the filter residue through 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membranes to isolate the low-diameter particles associated with long-range transport from larger particles of mostly local natural origin. Filtrates yielded higher EFs (enrichment factor as the Pb/Al ratio relative to the upper crust) than filtration residues (80 ± 104 and 2.1 ± 1.1, respectively), and Pb isotope signals similar to fuel and coal (206Pb/207Pb are 1.199 ± 0.028 in coal, 1.168 ± 0.029 in filtrates, 1.163 ± 0.013 in fuel, 1.137 ± 0.045 in residues, and 0.985 ± 0.020 in rocks). In contrast to filtrates, the filter residues present wider ranges of Pb isotope compositions and crustal contributions and lower EFs, so we suggest that filtrate contains Pb from fuel combustion more selectively, while the residue carries a more considerable contribution of local mineral dust that can mask the contribution of other anthropogenic or distant natural sources. These findings add weight to the notion that filtrates are a more selective measure of metal deposition from long-range anthropogenic emissions compared to analyzing bulk melted snow or only filter residues.
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) accumulate in indoor dust, which serves as a repository for those compounds. The presence of SVOCs in indoor environments is of concern because many of them are suspected to have toxic effects. Total SVOC concentrations in the dust are generally used for exposure assessment to indoor contaminants, assuming that 100% of the SVOCs is accessible for human uptake. However, such an assumption may potentially lead to an overestimated risk related to dust exposure. We applied a multi-ratio equilibrium passive sampling (MR-EPS) for estimation of SVOC accessibility in indoor settled dust using silicone passive samplers and three particle size dust fractions, <0.25 mm, 0.25-0.5 mm, and 1-2 mm in dry and wet conditions. Equilibrations were performed at various sampler-dust mass ratios to achieve different degrees of SVOC depletion, allowing the construction of a desorption isotherm. The desorption isotherms provided accessible fractions (FAS), equivalent air concentrations (CAIR), dust-air partition coefficients (KDUST-AIR) and organic carbon-air partition coefficients (KOC-AIR). The highest FAS were observed in the <0.25 mm dust fraction in wet conditions which is relevant for exposure assessment via oral ingestion. The highest CAIR were estimated for several organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musks. The logKOC-AIR did not differ between dust particle sizes in dry and wet conditions but within compound groups, different relationships with hydrophobicity were observed. Equivalent lipid-based concentrations (CL⇌DUST) calculated using available lipid-silicone partition coefficients (KLIP-SIL) were compared with lipid-based concentrations (CL) measured in human-related samples collected from Europeans. For hexachlorobenzene (HCB), CL⇌DUST, and CL were similar, indicating equilibrium attainment between environment and human samples. Lipid-based concentrations for persistent legacy contaminants were also similar but lower for PBDEs in human samples. Overall, accessibility estimation using MR-EPS in dust further contributes to human risk assessment.
- MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lipidy MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- prach analýza MeSH
- retardanty hoření * analýza MeSH
- těkavé organické sloučeniny * analýza MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships of prenatal and childhood smoke exposure with specific neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems during early childhood. STUDY DESIGN: A subsample (n = 386) of mother-child dyads from the Newborn Epigenetic Study (NEST) prebirth cohort participated in the study. Cotinine concentrations were used to objectively measure prenatal and childhood smoke exposure when youth were aged 3-13 years. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations of prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations with performance on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral symptoms, measured using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, childhood cotinine concentrations were associated with poorer cognitive performance on tasks measuring cognitive flexibility (B = -1.29; P = .03), episodic memory (B = -0.97; P = .02), receptive language development (B = -0.58; P = .01), and inhibitory control and attention (B = -1.59; P = .006). Although childhood cotinine concentration was associated with higher levels of attention problems (B = 0.83; P = .004) on the BASC-2, after adjustment for confounders, the association is nonsignificant. Although associations for maternal cotinine concentrations were null, an interaction was detected between prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations on the NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Task (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that childhood tobacco smoke exposure may lead to poorer attention regulation and language acquisition, complex visual processing ability, and attention problems.
- MeSH
- hyperkinetická porucha * etiologie MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kotinin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem * škodlivé účinky MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- MeSH
- azbest škodlivé účinky MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch v pracovním prostředí * MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy etiologie MeSH
- nemoci z povolání * etiologie MeSH
- oxid křemičitý škodlivé účinky MeSH
- prach MeSH
- pracovní podmínky MeSH
- silikóza etiologie MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- pracovní právo,
- MeSH
- hygiena práce zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nekuřácká politika zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- nikotin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- pracoviště MeSH
- systémy dodávající nikotin elektronicky MeSH
- vaping * prevence a kontrola zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- zákonodárství jako téma * MeSH
- znečištění tabákovým kouřem prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Úvod: Práce hasičů patří mezi rizikové z hlediska možného ohrožení zdraví. Během zásahů jsou hasiči vystavováni nebezpečným zplodinám hoření, které mohou mít akutní i chronický účinek. Cílem tohoto projektu bylo zjistit, k jakým změnám ve ventilačních parametrech dochází u hasičů časně po zásahu u požáru. Metodika: Projektu se účastnilo 24 hasičů (průměrný věk 37,1 let), kteří byli v rámci výcviku exponováni zplodinám hoření při hašení v zařízení simulujícím reálné prostředí požáru (flashover kontejner). Před zásahem, ihned po něm a druhý den byla provedena spirometrie. Před expozicí bylo provedeno měření vydechovaného oxidu dusnatého (FeNO) k posouzení možného alergického zánětu v dýchacích cestách. Výsledky: Průměrná hodnota FeNO byla u sledovaných osob 18,8 ppb (rozmezí 5–59). Při měření klidové spirometrie před zásahem byla u jedné osoby snížená hodnota FEV1 (usilovně vydechnutý objem za 1. sekundu), snížené hodnoty obstrukce v periferních dýchacích cestách (MEF – maximální průtoky vydechnutého vzduchu v různých úrovních usilovné vitální kapacity) byly nalezeny u 18 osob, zvýšená hodnota odporů v dýchacích cestách (Rocc) u 12 osob. Vitální kapacita (VC) plic byla u všech osob v normě. Ihned po cvičném zásahu došlo ve skupině sledovaných osob ke zlepšení průměrné hodnoty všech sledovaných ventilačních parametrů. Změny byly významné v parametrech FEV1, MEF25 (maximální průtok vydechnutého vzduchu v 25 % usilovné vitální kapacity), AEX (plocha pod výdechovou částí křivky) (p ≤ 0,001), FVC (usilovná vitální kapacita) a Rocc (p < 0,01). Druhý den došlo naopak ke zhoršení sledovaných ventilačních parametrů, a to jak vzhledem k hodnotám ihned po zásahu, tak i ke vstupním hodnotám. Změny druhý den po zásahu v porovnání s hodnotami před zásahem byly významné pro parametr VC, Rocc (p < 0,001), FEV1 (p < 0,01). Závěr: Sledování ventilačních parametrů během simulovaného požárního zásahu ukázalo, že ke zhoršení došlo až s odstupem – druhý den, a to v dynamických i statických parametrech. Z hlediska regenerace organismu hasičů je tedy velmi důležitá rekonvalescence ve dnech následujících po zásahu.
Introduction: The work of firefighters is one of the most risk in terms of potential health hazards. Firefighters are exposed to hazardous combustion products, which can have both acute and chronic effects. The aim of this project was to investigate what changes in ventilation parameters occur in firefighters early after a fire exposure. Methodology: Twenty-four firefighters (mean age 37.1 years) participated in the project and were exposed to combustion products during training in a device simulating a real fire exposure (flashover container). Spirometry was performed before, immediately after and the next day. Before exposure, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurement was taken to assess possible allergic inflammation in the airways. Results: The mean FeNO value in the subjects was 18.8 ppb (range 5–59). When measuring resting spirometry before the intervention, one person had a reduced FEV1 value (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), reduced values of peripheral airway obstruction (MEF-maximal expiratory flow rates at different levels of forced vital capacity) were found in 18 persons, increased values of airway resistance (Rocc) in 12 persons. The vital capacity (VC) of the lungs was normal in all persons. Immediately after the training intervention, the mean value of all the monitored ventilatory parameters improved in the group of subjects. The changes were significant in the parameters FEV1, MEF25 (maximum expiratory flow rate at 25 % of the forced vital capacity), AEX (area under the expiratory part of the curve) (p ≤ 0.001), FVC (forced vital capacity) and Rocc (p < 0.01). On the second day, there was a deterioration of the monitored ventilatory parameters, both with respect to the values immediately after the exposure and to the initial values. Changes on the second day after the exposure compared to pre-exposure values were significant for the VC parameter, Rocc (p < 0.001), FEV1 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The monitoring of ventilation parameters during the simulated fire incident showed that the deterioration occurred only after the second day, both in dynamic and static parameters. Thus, from the point of view of the recovery of the firefighters’ organism, recovery in the days following the intervention is very important.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hasiči * MeSH
- inhalační expozice MeSH
- kouř škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měření vydechovaného oxidu dusnatého * MeSH
- oxid dusnatý MeSH
- spirometrie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
- MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * toxicita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- nádorové mikroprostředí MeSH
- nádory plic * chemicky indukované genetika MeSH
- pevné částice toxicita MeSH
- polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky * toxicita MeSH
- receptory aromatických uhlovodíků genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
BACKGROUND: Indoor dust particles are an everyday source of human exposure to microorganisms and their inhalation may directly affect the microbiota of the respiratory tract. We aimed to characterize the changes in human nasopharyngeal bacteriome after short-term exposure to indoor (workplace) environments. METHODS: In this pilot study, nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from 22 participants in the morning and after 8 h of their presence at the workplace. At the same time points, indoor dust samples were collected from the participants' households (16 from flats and 6 from houses) and workplaces (8 from a maternity hospital - NEO, 6 from a pediatric hospital - ENT, and 8 from a research center - RCX). 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was performed on these human and environmental matrices. RESULTS: Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium were the most abundant genera in both indoor dust and nasopharyngeal samples. The analysis indicated lower bacterial diversity in indoor dust samples from flats compared to houses, NEO, ENT, and RCX (p < 0.05). Participants working in the NEO had the highest nasopharyngeal bacterial diversity of all groups (p < 0.05). After 8 h of exposure to the workplace environment, enrichment of the nasopharynx with several new bacterial genera present in the indoor dust was observed in 76% of study participants; however, no significant changes were observed at the level of the nasopharyngeal bacterial diversity (p > 0.05, Shannon index). These "enriching" bacterial genera overlapped between the hospital workplaces - NEO and ENT but differed from those in the research center - RCX. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that although the composition of nasopharyngeal bacteriome is relatively stable during the day. Short-term exposure to the indoor environment can result in the enrichment of the nasopharynx with bacterial DNA from indoor dust; the bacterial composition, however, varies by the indoor workplace environment.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nazofarynx MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- prach * analýza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 16S genetika analýza MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- znečištění vzduchu ve vnitřním prostředí * analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- diabetes mellitus * epidemiologie MeSH
- hypertenze * epidemiologie MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oxid dusičitý analýza MeSH
- pevné částice analýza MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- znečištění ovzduší * analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH