The corneal endothelium plays a key role in maintaining corneal transparency. Its dysfunction is currently treated with penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty. Advanced cell therapy methods seek to address the persistent global deficiency of donor corneas by enabling the renewal of the endothelial monolayer with tissue-engineered grafts. This review provides an overview of recently published literature on the preparation of endothelial grafts for transplantation derived from cadaveric corneas that have developed over the last decade (2010-2021). Factors such as the most suitable donor parameters, culture substrates and media, endothelial graft storage conditions, and transplantation methods are discussed. Despite efforts to utilize alternative cellular sources, such as induced pluripotent cells, cadaveric corneas appear to be the best source of cells for graft preparation to date. However, native endothelial cells have a limited natural proliferative capacity, and they often undergo rapid phenotype changes in ex vivo culture. This is the main reason why no culture protocol for a clinical-grade endothelial graft prepared from cadaveric corneas has been standardized so far. Currently, the most established ex vivo culture protocol involves the peel-and-digest method of cell isolation and cell culture by the dual media method, including the repeated alternation of high and low mitogenic conditions. Culture media are enriched by additional substances, such as signaling pathway (Rho-associated protein kinase, TGF-β, etc.) inhibitors, to stimulate proliferation and inhibit unwanted morphological changes, particularly the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. To date, this promising approach has led to the development of endothelial grafts for the first in-human clinical trial in Japan. In addition to the lack of a standard culture protocol, endothelial-specific markers are still missing to confirm the endothelial phenotype in a graft ready for clinical use. Because the corneal endothelium appears to comprise phenotypically heterogeneous populations of cells, the genomic and proteomic expression of recently proposed endothelial-specific markers, such as Cadherin-2, CD166, or SLC4A11, must be confirmed by additional studies. The preparation of endothelial grafts is still challenging today, but advances in tissue engineering and surgery over the past decade hold promise for the successful treatment of endothelial dysfunctions in more patients worldwide.

• MeSH
• antiportéry metabolismus   MeSH
• endoteliální buňky transplantace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• rohovka MeSH
• rohovkový endotel * metabolismus   transplantace   MeSH
• transplantace rohovky * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The dual-affinity nitrate transceptor NITRATE TRANSPORTER1.1 (NRT1.1) has two modes of transport and signaling, governed by Thr-101 (T101) phosphorylation. NRT1.1 regulates lateral root (LR) development by modulating nitrate-dependent basipetal auxin export and nitrate-mediated signal transduction. Here, using the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NRT1.1T101D phosphomimetic and NRT1.1T101A nonphosphorylatable mutants, we found that the phosphorylation state of NRT1.1 plays a key role in NRT1.1 function during LR development. Single-particle tracking revealed that phosphorylation affected NRT1.1 spatiotemporal dynamics. The phosphomimetic NRT1.1T101D form showed fast lateral mobility and membrane partitioning that facilitated auxin flux under low-nitrate conditions. By contrast, nonphosphorylatable NRT1.1T101A showed low lateral mobility and oligomerized at the plasma membrane (PM), where it induced endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis and microdomain-mediated endocytosis pathways under high-nitrate conditions. These behaviors promoted LR development by suppressing NRT1.1-controlled auxin transport on the PM and stimulating Ca2+-ARABIDOPSIS NITRATE REGULATED1 signaling from the endosome.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis genetika   růst a vývoj   metabolismus   MeSH
• dusičnany metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• transkripční faktory metabolismus   MeSH
• vápníková signalizace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Cholestasis is characterised by impaired bile secretion and accumulation of bile salts in the organism. Hereditary cholestasis is a heterogeneous group of rare autosomal recessive liver disorders, which are characterised by intrahepatic cholestasis, pruritus, and jaundice and caused by defects in genes related to the secretion and transport of bile salts and lipids. Phenotypic manifestation is highly variable, ranging from progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC)-with onset in early infancy and progression to end-stage liver disease-to a milder intermittent mostly nonprogressive form known as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC). Cases have been reported of initially benign episodic cholestasis that subsequently transitions to a persistent progressive form of the disease. Therefore, BRIC and PFIC seem to represent two extremes of a continuous spectrum of phenotypes that comprise one disease. Thus far, five representatives of PFIC (named PFIC1-5) caused by pathogenic mutations present in both alleles of ATP8B1, ABCB11, ABCB4, TJP2, and NR1H4 have been described. In addition to familial intrahepatic cholestasis, partial defects in ATP8B1, ABCB11, and ABCB4 predispose patients to drug-induced cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy. This review summarises the current knowledge of the clinical manifestations, genetics, and molecular mechanisms of these diseases and briefly outlines the therapeutic options, both conservative and invasive, with an outlook for future personalised therapeutic strategies.

• MeSH
• ABC transportér, podrodina B, člen 11 genetika   MeSH
• adenosintrifosfatasy genetika   MeSH
• intrahepatální cholestáza genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• P-glykoproteiny nedostatek   genetika   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty metabolismus   MeSH
• receptory cytoplazmatické a nukleární genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli biosyntéza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The Drosophila salivary glands (SGs) were well known for the puffing patterns of their polytene chromosomes and so became a tissue of choice to study sequential gene activation by the steroid hormone ecdysone. One well-documented function of these glands is to produce a secretory glue, which is released during pupariation to fix the freshly formed puparia to the substrate. Over the past two decades SGs have been used to address specific aspects of developmentally-regulated programmed cell death (PCD) as it was thought that they are doomed for histolysis and after pupariation are just awaiting their fate. More recently, however, we have shown that for the first 3-4 h after pupariation SGs undergo tremendous endocytosis and vacuolation followed by vacuole neutralization and membrane consolidation. Furthermore, from 8 to 10 h after puparium formation (APF) SGs display massive apocrine secretion of a diverse set of cellular proteins. Here, we show that during the period from 11 to 12 h APF, the prepupal glands are very active in calcium oxalate (CaOx) extrusion that resembles renal or nephridial excretory activity. We provide genetic evidence that Prestin, a Drosophila homologue of the mammalian electrogenic anion exchange carrier SLC26A5, is responsible for the instantaneous production of CaOx by the late prepupal SGs. Its positive regulation by the protein kinases encoded by fray and wnk lead to increased production of CaOx. The formation of CaOx appears to be dependent on the cooperation between Prestin and the vATPase complex as treatment with bafilomycin A1 or concanamycin A abolishes the production of detectable CaOx. These data demonstrate that prepupal SGs remain fully viable, physiologically active and engaged in various cellular activities at least until early pupal period, that is, until moments prior to the execution of PCD.

• MeSH
• aktivní transport fyziologie   MeSH
• Drosophila melanogaster MeSH
• protein-serin-threoninkinasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny Drosophily genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty biosyntéza   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• slinné žlázy sekrece   MeSH
• šťavelan vápenatý metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pyruvate is a key product of glycolysis that regulates the energy metabolism of cells. In Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, the fate of pyruvate varies dramatically during the parasite life cycle. In bloodstream forms, pyruvate is mainly excreted, whereas in tsetse fly forms, pyruvate is metabolized in mitochondria yielding additional ATP molecules. The character of the molecular machinery that mediates pyruvate transport across mitochondrial membrane was elusive until the recent discovery of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) in yeast and mammals. Here, we characterized pyruvate import into mitochondrion of T. brucei. We identified mpc1 and mpc2 homologs in the T. brucei genome with attributes of MPC protein family and we demonstrated that both proteins are present in the mitochondrial membrane of the parasite. Investigations of mpc1 or mpc2 gene knock-out cells proved that T. brucei MPC1/2 proteins facilitate mitochondrial pyruvate transport. Interestingly, MPC is expressed not only in procyclic trypanosomes with fully activated mitochondria but also in bloodstream trypanosomes in which most of pyruvate is excreted. Moreover, MPC appears to be essential for bloodstream forms, supporting the recently emerging picture that the functions of mitochondria in bloodstream forms are more diverse than it was originally thought.

• MeSH
• biologický transport fyziologie   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• energetický metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• kyselina pyrohroznová metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondriální membrány metabolismus   MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• Trypanosoma brucei brucei genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• cytosol metabolismus   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• konformace proteinů MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mitochondrie metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny přenášející anionty genetika   chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH