Trypanosomatids regulate gene expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level through processing, exporting and stabilising mRNA and control of translation. In most eukaryotes, protein synthesis is regulated by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) at serine 51. Phosphorylation halts overall translation by decreasing availability of initiator tRNAmet to form translating ribosomes. In trypanosomatids, the N-terminus of eIF2α is extended with threonine 169 the homologous phosphorylated residue. Here, we evaluated whether eIF2α phosphorylation varies during the Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle, the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. Total levels of eIF2α are diminished in infective and non-replicative trypomastigotes compared with proliferative forms from the intestine of the insect vector or amastigotes from mammalian cells, consistent with decreased protein synthesis reported in infective forms. eIF2α phosphorylation increases in proliferative intracellular forms prior to differentiation into trypomastigotes. Parasites overexpressing eIF2αT169A or with an endogenous CRISPR/Cas9-generated eIF2αT169A mutation were created and analysis revealed alterations to the proteome, largely unrelated to the presence of μORF in epimastigotes. eIF2αT169A mutant parasites produced fewer trypomastigotes with lower infectivity than wild type, with increased levels of sialylated mucins and oligomannose glycoproteins, and decreased galactofuranose epitopes and the surface protease GP63 on the cell surface. We conclude that eIF2α expression and phosphorylation levels affect proteins relevant for intracellular progression of T. cruzi.
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- Chagasova nemoc parazitologie MeSH
- CRISPR-Cas systémy MeSH
- eukaryotický iniciační faktor 2 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- parazitemie MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- proteosyntéza MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- regulace genové exprese MeSH
- stadia vývoje MeSH
- Trypanosoma cruzi růst a vývoj metabolismus patogenita MeSH
- virulence MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are critical to posttranscriptional gene regulation. Therefore, characterization of the RNA molecules bound by RBPs in vivo represent a key step in elucidating their function. The recently developed iCLIP technique allows single nucleotide resolution of the RNA binding footprints of RBPs. We present the iCLIP technique modified for its application to Trypanosoma brucei and most likely other kinetoplastid flagellates. By using the immuno- or affinity purification approach, it was successfully applied to the analysis of several RBPs. Furthermore, we also provide a detailed description of the iCLIP/iCLAP protocol that shall be particularly suitable for the studies of trypanosome RBPs.
- MeSH
- imunoprecipitace metody MeSH
- nukleotidy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- parazitologie metody MeSH
- proteiny vázající RNA analýza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA protozoální genetika metabolismus MeSH
- RNA genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Trypanosoma brucei brucei genetika MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- vazba proteinů genetika účinky záření MeSH
- vazebná místa genetika MeSH
- zobrazení jednotlivé molekuly metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Faecal samples from the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis jayakari Thomas) were collected from the Ibex Reserve in central Saudi Arabia. Eimerian oocysts, which are believed to represent a new species described here as Eimeria tamimi sp. n., were detected in 40 out of 93 samples. Oocysts were fully sporulated in 24-48 hours at 25 ± 2 °C. Sporulated oocysts of E. tamimi sp. n. were ovoid, measuring 35-42 × 19-25 μm (39 × 23 μm), a length/width ratio 1.5-2 (1.7). Oocyst wall was bilayered and measured 1.5 μm in thickness. Micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granules were not present. Sporocysts are elongate, measuring 12-18 × 9-12 μm (15 × 10 μm), with a length/width ratio 1.1-1.8 (1.5) prominent Stieda bodies and sporocyst residuum. Experimental infection of two clinically healthy rock hyraxes with sporulated oocysts of E. tamimi sp. n. resulted in shedding unsporulated oocysts 5-10 days post infection. Partial sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) and cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COI) regions were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods revealed that E. tamimi sp. n. grouped with Eimeria quokka Barker, O'Callaghan et Beveridge, 1988, E. mundayi Barker, O´Callaghan et Beveridge, 1988, E. potoroi Barker, O'Callaghan et Beveridge, 1988 and E. gaimardi Barker, O'Callaghan et Beveridge, 1988 marsupials. Eimerian species have been regarded as a paraphyletic group and the present investigation confirmed the conflict between phenotypic traits, used widely in the classification of this group of parasites.
- MeSH
- damani * MeSH
- Eimeria klasifikace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- kokcidióza parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- oocysty fyziologie MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza MeSH
- respirační komplex IV analýza MeSH
- RNA protozoální analýza MeSH
- RNA ribozomální 18S analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Saudská Arábie MeSH
The K13 propeller domain mutation and pfmdr1 amplification have been proposed as useful molecular markers for detection and monitoring of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897. Genomic DNA isolates of P. falciparum was extracted from 235 dried blood spot or whole blood samples collected from patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria residing in areas along the Thai-Myanmar border during 2006-2010. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were performed to detect mutations in K13 propeller domain of P. falciparum at codon 427-709. Pfmdr1 gene copy number was determined by SYBR Green I real-time PCR. High prevalence of pfmdr1 multiple copies was observed (42.5% of isolates). The presence of K13 mutations was low (40/235, 17.2%). Seventeen mutations had previously been reported and six mutations were newly detected. The C580Y was found in two isolates (0.9%). The F446I, N458Y and P574L mutations were commonly detected. Seven isolates had both K13 mutation and pfmdr1 multiple copies. It needs to be confirmed whether parasites harbouring both K13 mutation and pfmdr1 multiple copies and/or the observed new mutations of K13 propeller domain are associated with clinical artemisinin resistance.
- MeSH
- antimalarika farmakologie MeSH
- artesunát farmakologie MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- léková rezistence genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- meflochin farmakologie MeSH
- motiv kelch MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum účinky léků genetika MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
- proteiny spojené s mnohočetnou rezistencí k lékům analýza MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Myanmar MeSH
- Thajsko MeSH
Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 are digenean parasites of birds and mammals that are characteristic by their cup-shaped forebody and bilobed holdfast organ. Despite that the family is taxonomically unsettled, particularly due to a very limited number of visible autapomorphic identification features, molecular phylogenetics have never been applied to analyze the relationships among European members of Strigeidae except for the genus Ichthyocotylurus. Here, we analyze the Strigeidae found during the examination of Czech birds performed from 1962 to 2017, and we provide comparative measurements and host spectra, including prevalence and intensity; we also provide and analyze sequences of four DNA loci of 12 of the Strigeidae species. We suggest the reclassification of Parastrigea robusta Szidat, 1928 as Strigea robusta (Szidat, 1928) Heneberg and Sitko, 2018 comb. n. The genera Strigea Abildgaard, 1790 and Parastrigea Szidat, 1928 appear paraphyletic, and morphological diagnostic features of genera within Strigeini Dubois, 1936 are invalid. The mute swan Cygnus olor hosts two Cotylurus spp., Cotylurus syrius Dubois, 1934 and a second species with molecular identification features shared in part with Cotylurus cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) and Cotylurus gallinulae Lutz, 1928. New host records are provided for seven species. Analyses of non-European genera of the Strigeidae are needed to provide an updated key to Strigeini.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- hostitelská specificita MeSH
- infekce červy třídy Trematoda epidemiologie parazitologie veterinární MeSH
- nemoci ptáků epidemiologie parazitologie MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- protozoální DNA analýza MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza MeSH
- ptáci * MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Trematoda anatomie a histologie klasifikace genetika fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika epidemiologie MeSH
Self/non-self-discrimination by vertebrate immune systems is based on the recognition of the presence of peptides in proteins of a parasite that are not contained in the proteins of a host. Therefore, a reduction of the number of 'words' in its own peptide vocabulary could be an efficient evolutionary strategy of parasites for escaping recognition. Here, we compared peptide vocabularies of 30 endoparasitic and 17 free-living unicellular organisms and also eight multicellular parasitic and 16 multicellular free-living organisms. We found that both unicellular and multicellular parasites used a significantly lower number of different pentapeptides than free-living controls. Impoverished pentapeptide vocabularies in parasites were observed across all five clades that contain both the parasitic and free-living species. The effect of parasitism on a number of peptides used in an organism's proteins is larger than effects of all other studied factors, including the size of a proteome, the number of encoded proteins, etc. This decrease of pentapeptide diversity was partly compensated for by an increased number of hexapeptides. Our results support the hypothesis of parasitism-associated reduction of peptide vocabulary and suggest that T-cell receptors mostly recognize the five amino acids-long part of peptides that are presented in the groove of major histocompatibility complex molecules.
- MeSH
- biologická evoluce * MeSH
- interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
- peptidy analýza MeSH
- proteiny červů analýza MeSH
- proteom * MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Giardia intestinalis parasites contain mitosomes, one of the simplest mitochondrion-related organelles. Strategies to identify the functions of mitosomes have been limited mainly to homology detection, which is not suitable for identifying species-specific proteins and their functions. An in vivo enzymatic tagging technique based on the Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) has been introduced to G. intestinalis; this method allows for the compartment-specific biotinylation of a protein of interest. Known proteins involved in the mitosomal protein import were in vivo tagged, cross-linked, and used to copurify complexes from the outer and inner mitosomal membranes in a single step. New proteins were then identified by mass spectrometry. This approach enabled the identification of highly diverged mitosomal Tim44 (GiTim44), the first known component of the mitosomal inner membrane translocase (TIM). In addition, our subsequent bioinformatics searches returned novel diverged Tim44 paralogs, which mediate the translation and mitosomal insertion of mitochondrially encoded proteins in other eukaryotes. However, most of the identified proteins are specific to G. intestinalis and even absent from the related diplomonad parasite Spironucleus salmonicida, thus reflecting the unique character of the mitosomal metabolism. The in vivo enzymatic tagging also showed that proteins enter the mitosome posttranslationally in an unfolded state and without vesicular transport.
- MeSH
- biotinylace MeSH
- Escherichia coli enzymologie MeSH
- frakcionace buněk MeSH
- Giardia lamblia chemie cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- giardiáza parazitologie MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ligasy tvořící vazby C-N metabolismus MeSH
- molekulární modely MeSH
- molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
- organely chemie metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny z Escherichia coli metabolismus MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- represorové proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Cryptosporidium parvum contains a unique fusion protein pyruvate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CpPNO) that is composed of two distinct, conserved domains, an N-terminal pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and a C-terminal cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Unlike a similar fusion protein that localizes to the mitochondrion of the photosynthetic protist Euglena gracilis, CpPNO lacks an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Using two distinct polyclonal antibodies raised against CpPFO and one polyclonal antibody against CpCPR, Western blot analysis has shown that sporozoites of C. parvum express the entire CpPNO fusion protein. Furthermore, confocal immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy confirm that CpPNO is localized within the cytosol rather than the relict mitochondrion of C. parvum. The distribution of this protein is not, however, strictly confined to the cytosol. CpPNO also appears to localize posteriorly within the crystalloid body.
- MeSH
- Cryptosporidium parvum cytologie enzymologie genetika MeSH
- cytosol enzymologie MeSH
- Euglena gracilis cytologie enzymologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fluorescenční mikroskopie MeSH
- ketonoxidoreduktasy analýza genetika imunologie MeSH
- konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
- NADPH-cytochrom c-reduktasa analýza genetika imunologie MeSH
- organely enzymologie MeSH
- protozoální proteiny analýza MeSH
- pyruvátsynthasa analýza genetika imunologie MeSH
- sporozoiti cytologie enzymologie MeSH
- transmisní elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
