In this study, representative urban and peri-urban Indian food baskets have been studied for the presence of toxic and essential elements. The concentration of target toxic and essential elements was used to estimate dietary intakes (EDIs) and health risks. Across all food matrices, toxic elements like Cd and Pb were dominant. The highest concentrations of the target elements were found in vegetables, with Cd, Pb, and Ni being beyond permissible limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health organization (0.05 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively) in okra, spinach, and cauliflower. The sum of concentrations of the toxic elements (As, Ni, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb) in vegetables had a range of 0.54-12.08 mg/kg, the highest sum was found in spinach (median 12.08 mg/kg), followed by okra (median 1.68 mg/kg). The EDI was observed for vegetables with a contribution as high as 92% for Cd. Dairy products were found with the highest loading for Ni with a dietary intake of 3.1 mg/kg/day for adults and twice as much for children. Carcinogenic risk for Ni was the highest and found above the threshold for all food categories, as was the case with As. Cumulative carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were mostly contributed by milk and vegetables, in particular, spinach.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- karcinogeny MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- olovo MeSH
- těžké kovy * analýza MeSH
- zelenina MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Knowledge of population exposure to phthalates based on the urinary metabolite levels is of the highest importance for health risk assessment. Such data are scarce in the Czech population. In the study conducted in 2016, six urinary phthalate metabolites were analysed in a total of 370 first morning urine samples of healthy children aged 5 and 9 years, namely mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5oxo-MEHP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). The two latter mono-butyl phthalate isoforms dominated among all samples with geometric means of 63.0 µg/L (MnBP) and 44.1 µg/L (MiBP), followed by 5OH-MEHP (20.6 µg/L), 5oxo-MEHP (12.9 µg/L), MBzP (3.65 µg/L), and MEHP (2.31 µg/L). Daily intake (DI) of the parent phthalates was estimated using the creatinine-based model. The highest DI values were found for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) (median 2.5 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 7.8 µg/kg bw/day) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (median 2.3 µg/kg bw/day; 95th percentile 8.9 µg/kg bw/day) in 5-year-old children. The tolerable daily intake (TDI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was exceeded in case of DnBP (in 1% of 9-year-olds and in 3% of 5-year-olds). Exposure risk was assessed based on hazard quotients calculation and cumulative approach for similar health effect. The combined exposure to four phthalates expressed by hazard index (HI) for reprotoxicity revealed exceeding of HI threshold in 14% of 5-year-olds and in 9% of 9-year-olds. These findings strongly support the need to reduce the burden of children by phthalates.
- MeSH
- dávka bez pozorovaného nepříznivého účinku MeSH
- diethylhexylftalát aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty moč MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- hodnocení rizik MeSH
- kreatinin moč MeSH
- kyseliny ftalové aplikace a dávkování moč MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí aplikace a dávkování moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- školy MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Synthetic polycyclic musks, widely used as additives in personal care products, are present in both biotic and abiotic matrices of the aquatic environment at concentrations of ng/l to µg/l. Although they are determined at comparatively low concentrations, these levels are biologically relevant and pose a significant growing risk as stressors to aquatic organisms. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of 28-day-long exposure to polycyclic musk tonalide in zebrafish juvenile stages (Danio rerio) using selected biomarkers. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tonalide caused significant changes in selected enzyme activities in the experimental groups exposed to the highest concentrations. The activity of glutathione S-transferase and lipid peroxidation increased significantly (p < 0.05) after exposure to the highest concentration (50,000 ng/l) compared with the control. A similar trend was observed in catalase activity; there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) after exposure to two highest concentrations of tonalide (5000 and 50,000 ng/l). In addition, a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glutathione reductase activity was found in the lowest test concentration of tonalide (50 ng/l). None of the tested concentrations resulted in histopathological changes in liver, kidney, skin, or gill. Furthermore, no effects on body weight, body length, specific growth rate, and behavior were observed. Our results showed that tonalide exposure induced profound changes in the activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, such changes representing an adaptive response of the fish organism to tonalide toxicity.
- MeSH
- antioxidancia metabolismus MeSH
- bioindikátory účinky léků MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu toxicita MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- dánio pruhované * růst a vývoj fyziologie MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa metabolismus MeSH
- katalasa metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- peroxidace lipidů účinky léků MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- testy subchronické toxicity metody MeSH
- tetrahydronaftaleny toxicita MeSH
- žábry účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The COPHES/DEMOCOPHES twin project was performed in 2011-2012 in 17 European countries to harmonize all steps of the human biomonitoring survey. Urinary cadmium, cotinine, phthalate metabolites, and hair mercury were measured in children (N = 120, 6-11 years) and their mothers of reproductive age, living in urban or rural areas. Cadmium in mothers' and children's urine was detected at a geometric mean (GM) concentration 0.227 and 0.109 μg/L, respectively; 95th percentile (P95) was 0.655 and 0.280 μg/L in mothers and children, respectively. No age-related, education-related, or urban versus rural differences were observed within the frame of each population group. Cadmium urinary level in mothers was about twofold compared with children. Higher levels were obtained in all smoking mothers but not in occasionally smoking or mothers and children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Mercury values in mothers were significantly higher in urban than in rural populations but not in children. GM and P95 for mercury in children's hair were 0.098 and 0.439 μg/g and in mothers' hair were 0.155 and 0.570 μg/g. Concentrations for mercury in the Czech samples were lower than European average. Hair mercury increased significantly with consumption of fish or seafood and with number of amalgam tooth fillings (in children). A positive association was found with family educational level. No influence of age was observed. Urinary cadmium and hair mercury levels were lower than health-based guidelines with one exception. High levels of urinary cotinine were found in the 12 smoking mothers (GM approximately 500 μg/L); lower levels in occasionally smoking mothers, N = 11 (34.5 μg/L). The mean cotinine levels in nonsmoking mothers who reported daily exposure to ETS was 10.7 μg/L. A similar mean value (10.8 μg/L) was obtained in six children who had daily exposure to ETS. In children without exposure to ETS, the mean cotinine level was 1.39 μg/L urine. Cotinine in the urine of children demonstrates limited protection of the Czech children against exposure to ETS.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kadmium analýza moč MeSH
- kotinin analýza moč MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matka - expozice noxám statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- matky MeSH
- vlasy, chlupy chemie MeSH
- vystavení vlivu životního prostředí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The distribution of mercury in surface water and in sediment from Deûle River in Northern France was studied by application of conventional sampling methods and by diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT). Concentration of total dissolved mercury in surface water was 20.8 ± 0.8 ng l(-1). The particulate mercury concentration was 6.2 ± 0.6 µg g(-1). The particulate mercury was accumulated in sediment (9.9 ± 2.3 mg kg(-1)), and it was transformed by methylating bacteria to methylmercury, mainly in the first 2-cm layer of the sediment. Total dissolved concentration of mercury in sediment pore water obtained by application of centrifugation extraction was 17.6 ± 4.1 ng l(-1), and it was comparable with total dissolved pore water mercury concentration measured by DGT probe containing Duolite GT-73 resin gel (18.2 ± 4.3 ng l(-1)), taking the sediment heterogeneity and different principles of the applied methods into account. By application of two DGT probes with different resin gels specific for mercury, it was found that approximately 30% of total dissolved mercury in sediment pore water was present in labile forms easy available for biota. The resolution of mercury DGT depth profiles was 0.5 cm, which allows, unlike conventional techniques, to study the connection of the geochemical cycle of mercury with geochemical cycles of iron and manganese.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- rtuť analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Francie MeSH
The two Noccaea species-Noccaea praecox originating from Mežica, Slovenia (Me) (Pb, Zn, Cd pollution) and Noccaea caerulescens from Redlschlag, Austria (Re) (high levels of Ni, Cr, Mg)-were studied to compare Cd accumulation and tolerance. After 120 days of plant cultivation in Cd-contaminated soil (90 mg Cd kg(-1) soil), gas-exchange parameters (e.g. net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration), fatty acids, and selected macro- and microelements were determined in addition to N utilization by plants. The comparison between ecotypes showed that Cd stress resulted in similar changes in gas-exchange parameters. Contrasting responses of plants to Cd contamination were confirmed by the macro- and microelement contents and fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Significantly higher accumulations of Cd and strong decreases in the levels of K, Ca, Na, and Fe were observed in the Me plants in contrast to the Re plants. The higher Re plant ability to take in some cations is a result of selective pressure due to contamination. Different ion uptake by plants affected the activities of metalloenzymes. Significant increases in the glutamic acid/proline ratio resulted from higher adaption of the Me in contrast to the Re plants.
- MeSH
- Brassicaceae chemie MeSH
- kadmium analýza MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Rakousko MeSH
- Slovinsko MeSH
The objective of this work was to evaluate antioxidant defence and oxidative damage in organs (liver, gills, kidney, and brain) of five fish species (Aspius aspius, Esox lucius, Sander lucioperca, Abramis brama, Rutilus rutilus) from the long-term mercury-contaminated Skalka Reservoir in the Czech Republic. Special emphasis was placed on a comprehensive assessment of the factors that may affect the antioxidant response to mercury in fish. Antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase) did not significantly respond to mercury contamination. Levels of the analysed enzymes and oxidative damage to lipids were predominantly determined by a separate organ factor or species factor, or by the combination of both (p < 0.001). Levels of total glutathione and the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio were influenced by mercury contamination in combination with their specific organ distribution (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that species and type of organ alone or in combination are more important factors than chronic exposure to mercury contamination with respect to effects on antioxidant defence in fish under field conditions. Our findings suggest that the main antioxidant defensive mechanism in fish from the studied long-term mercury contaminated site was the inter-tissue distribution of glutathione.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza toxicita MeSH
- glutathion metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionperoxidasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathionreduktasa metabolismus MeSH
- glutathiontransferasa metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- okounovití fyziologie MeSH
- rtuť analýza toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The occurrence of organohalogenated compounds including major persistent chlorinated pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT and its metabolites, brominated flame retardants (BFRs), represented by polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), together with currently widely discussed perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), mainly perfluorooctane sulfonic acid was monitored in several fish species collected from Czech rivers. Eleven sampling locations in highly industrialized areas were chosen. In addition, wild species of 14 farmed fish (grown in dedicated ponds) were also analysed. With respect to the contamination in different areas, chlorinated chemicals were dominant. PCBs and DDTs ranged from 4.8 to 211 and 2 to 791 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. Concentrations of BFRs and PFCs were significantly lower and ranged from 0.6 to 10.2 and 0.9 to 62 μg/kg wet weight, respectively. The highest levels of target analyte groups were found in fish muscle tissue in localities situated on the lower part of the Elbe River: Levels of DDT, HCB, PBDEs, and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were as high as 791, 77.6, 14.4 and 193 μg/kg wet weight, respectively, in Usti nad Labem and in the sample originated from the confluence of Elbe with Bilina River; a sum of PCBs at a level of 211 μg/kg was detected.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chemické znečištění vody analýza MeSH
- halogenované uhlovodíky analýza MeSH
- kosterní svaly chemie MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- řeky MeSH
- rybníky MeSH
- ryby MeSH
- vodní hospodářství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The extent of arsenic (As) and metal accumulation in fronds of the As hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata (Chinese brake fern) and in leaves of Cyperus involucratus, which grow on the surface of an old flotation tailings pond in the Zambian Copperbelt province, was studied. The tailings consist of two types of material with distinct chemical composition: (1) reddish-brown tailings rich in As, iron (Fe), and other metals, and (2) grey-green tailings with a lower content of As, Fe, and other metals, apart from manganese (Mn). P. vittata accumulates from 2350 to 5018 μg g(-1) As (total dry weight [dw]) in its fronds regardless of different total and plant-available As concentrations in both types of tailings. Concentrations of As in C. involucratus leaves are much lower (0.24-30.3 μg g(-1) dw). Contents of copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) in fronds of P. vittata (151-237 and 18-38 μg g(-1) dw, respectively) and in leaves of C. involucratus (96-151 and 9-14 μg g(-1) dw, respectively) are high, whereas concentrations of other metals (Fe, Mn, and zinc [Zn]) are low and comparable with contents of the given metals in common plants. Despite great differences in metal concentrations in the two types of deposited materials, concentrations of most metals in plant tissues are very similar. This indicates an exclusion or avoidance mechanism operating when concentrations of the metals in substrate are particularly high. The results of the investigation show that Chinese brake fern is not only a hyperaccumulator of As but has adapted itself to high concentrations of Cu and Co in flotation tailings of the Zambian Copperbelt.
- MeSH
- arsen analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- Cyperus metabolismus MeSH
- kobalt analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- kořeny rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu analýza MeSH
- listy rostlin metabolismus MeSH
- měď analýza farmakokinetika MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Pteris metabolismus MeSH
- zinek analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Zambie MeSH
Bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in 56 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and their parasites Mesocestoides spp. (Cestoda) and Toxascaris leonina (Nematoda) was studied. The levels of heavy metals were determined in the livers and kidneys of the animals depending on parasitism in the following ranges: Pb, 0.029-3.556; Cd, 0.055-9.967; Cr, 0.001-0.304; Cu, 4.15-41.15; Mn, 1.81-19.94; Ni: 0.037-0.831; Zn, 52.0-212.9 microg/g dry weight (dw). Cd in parasites (0.038-3.678 microg/g dw) were comparable with those in the livers of the host and lower than in the kidneys (0.095-6.032 microg/g dw). Contents of Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn in cestodes were predominantly higher than those in the kidney and liver of the host. Median lead levels in Mesocestoides spp. (45.6 microg/g dw) were 52-fold higher than in the kidney and liver of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) infected by both parasites and median Pb values in T. leonina (8.98 microg/g dw) were 8-fold higher than in the tissues of the parasitized red fox. Bioaccumulation factors of copper, zinc, nickel, and manganese are lower than those of lead and mostly range from 1.9 to 24 for Mesocestoides spp. and from 1.5 to 6 for nematode T. leonina depending on the tissue of host and element. A significant decrease in the content of Pb was found in the kidney of animals infected by T. leonina (0.260 microg/g dw) as well as those infected by Mesocestoides spp. (0.457 microg/g dw) in comparison with the lead content (0.878 microg/g dw) in the kidneys of the nonparasitized red fox. Regardless of a bioaccumulation of copper and manganese in the parasites, a significant increase of the concentrations of Mn and Cu was observed in the host's livers infected predominantly by Mesocestoides spp.
- MeSH
- cestodózy metabolismus veterinární MeSH
- játra chemie metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí analýza metabolismus MeSH
- ledviny chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lišky metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- Mesocestoides izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí MeSH
- nematodózy metabolismus veterinární MeSH
- parazitární nemoci u zvířat metabolismus parazitologie MeSH
- těžké kovy analýza metabolismus MeSH
- Toxascaris izolace a purifikace metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
