Hebeloma mesophaeum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus frequently associated with metal disturbed environments. In this work, we examined Ag, Cd, and Zn tolerance of H. mesophaeum isolates from heavy metal-polluted (isolate Prib) and clean (isolate Rez) sites. Both mycelia showed essentially the same level of Ag and Zn tolerance, but Prib was more Cd tolerant. In short-term exposures, Prib accumulated slightly less Cd than Rez. Size exclusion chromatography of cell-free extracts and fluorescence microscopy of hyphae with a Cd-specific fluorescent tracer revealed that substantial proportion of Cd was contained in the vacuoles in both isolates. Considering that the proportion of Cd associated with fractions attributable to Cd complexes with cytosolic, metallothionein (MT) peptides was higher in Prib, we examined the copy number and basal levels of HmMTs genes in Rez and Prib. While no difference between the isolates was observed in the gene copy numbers and basal levels of HmMT1 transcripts, the basal transcription of HmMT3 was 3-fold higher in Prib. These observations suggest that MTs provide in Prib better protection against Cd. Furthermore, the higher Cd tolerance in Prib can be to some extent also supported by the efflux or reduced uptake of Cd in the hyphae.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky metabolismus MeSH
- exprese genu * MeSH
- Hebeloma účinky léků izolace a purifikace MeSH
- kadmium toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující životní prostředí metabolismus MeSH
- metalothionein biosyntéza genetika MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí MeSH
- mycelium účinky léků MeSH
- stříbro metabolismus MeSH
- těžké kovy metabolismus MeSH
- tolerance léku * MeSH
- zinek metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
Anaerobic fungi are potent fibre degrading microbes in the equine hindgut, yet our understanding of their diversity and community structure is limited to date. In this preliminary work, using a clone library approach we studied the diversity of anaerobic fungi along six segments of the horse hindgut: caecum, right ventral colon (RVC), left ventral colon (LVC), left dorsal colon (LDC), right dorsal colon (RDC) and rectum. Of the 647 ITS1 clones, 61.7 % were assigned to genus level groups that are so far without any cultured representatives, and 38.0 % were assigned to the cultivated genera Neocallimastix (35.1 %), Orpinomyces (2.3 %), and Anaeromyces (0.6 %). AL1 dominated the group of uncultured anaerobic fungi, particularly in the RVC (88 %) and LDC (97 %). Sequences from the LSU clone library analysis of the LDC, however, split into two distinct phylogenetic clusters with low sequence identity to Caecomyces sp. (94-96 %) and Liebetanzomyces sp. (92 %) respectively. Sequences belonging to cultured Neocallimastix spp. dominated in LVC (81 %) and rectum (75.5 %). Quantification of anaerobic fungi showed significantly higher concentrations in RVC and RDC compared to other segments, which influenced the interpretation of the changes in anaerobic fungal diversity along the horse hindgut. These preliminary findings require further investigation.
- MeSH
- anaerobióza MeSH
- cékum mikrobiologie MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika MeSH
- kolon mikrobiologie MeSH
- koně mikrobiologie MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- mykobiom * MeSH
- rektum mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The view of lichens as a symbiosis only between a mycobiont and a photobiont has been challenged by discoveries of diverse associated organisms. Specific basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of a range of macrolichens were hypothesized to influence the lichens' phenotype. The present study explores the occurrence and diversity of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia. We obtained seven cultures and 56 additional sequences using specific primers from 27 Cladonia species from all over Europe and performed phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and SSU rDNA loci. We revealed yeast diversity distinct from any previously reported. Representatives of Cyphobasidiales, Microsporomycetaceae and of an unknown group related to Symmetrospora have been found. We present evidence that the Microsporomycetaceae contains mainly lichen-associated yeasts. Lichenozyma pisutiana is circumscribed here as a new genus and species. We report the first known associations between cystobasidiomycete yeasts and Cladonia (both corticate and ecorticate), and find that the association is geographically widespread in various habitats. Our results also suggest that a great diversity of lichen associated yeasts remains to be discovered.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace fyziologie MeSH
- ekosystém MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lišejníky mikrobiologie fyziologie MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The taxonomy and phylogeny of the hydropoid clade (genera Clitocybula s.l., Megacollybia, Leucoinocybe gen. nov., Hydropus, Trogia, Gerronema, Porotheleum and Lignomphalia gen. nov.) in Europe is studied using morphological and molecular approaches; the first three genera in detail including all known European species. Only two European species remain in Clitocybula s.str., Clitocybula lacerata and Clitocybula familia. The European C. lacerata is a species complex which should be treated as C. lacerata agg. at the current state of knowledge. A neotype originating from type area was designated to fix the application of the name. The presence of American species Clitocybula abundans in Europe is insufficiently proved. "Clitocybula dryadicola ˮ belongs to the genus Hydropus, and Clitocybula tilieti has an unclear systematic position. The results showed that Megacollybia and Leucoinocybe represent independent genera separated from Clitocybula. The genus Leucoinocybe is validly published with two European species, Leucoinocybe lenta and Leucoinocybe taniae. "Clitocybula flavoaurantia" proved to be conspecific with the latter species. The genus Lignomphalia is published for "Pseudoomphalina lignicola", a lignicolous omphalinoid species. The Indian "Clitocybula sulcata" is transferred to Leucoinocybe and "Clitocybula atrialba" to Gerronema. The first European records of Megacollybia marginata are published.
- MeSH
- Agaricales klasifikace ultrastruktura MeSH
- druhová specificita MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- molekulární typizace MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
The nuclear ribosomal DNA (nuc-rDNA) is widely used for the identification and phylogenetic reconstruction of Agaricomycetes. However, nuc-rDNA-based phylogenies may sometimes be in conflict with phylogenetic relationships derived from protein coding genes. In this study, the taxonomic position of the basidiomycetous mycobiont that forms the recently discovered sheathed ericoid mycorrhiza was investigated, because its nuc-rDNA is highly dissimilar to any other available fungal sequences in terms of nucleotide composition and length, and its nuc-rDNA-based phylogeny is inconclusive and significantly disagrees with protein coding sequences and morphological data. In the present work, this mycobiont was identified as Kurtia argillacea (= Hyphoderma argillaceum) residing in the order Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota). Bioinformatic screening of the Kurtia ribosomal DNA sequence indicates that it represents a gene with a non-standard substitution rate or nucleotide composition heterogeneity rather than a deep paralogue or a pseudogene. Such a phenomenon probably also occurs in other lineages of the Fungi and should be taken into consideration when nuc-rDNA (especially that with unusual nucleotide composition) is used as a sole marker for phylogenetic reconstructions. Kurtia argillacea so far represents the only confirmed non-sebacinoid ericoid mycorrhizal fungus in the Basidiomycota and its intriguing placement among mostly saprobic and parasitic Hymenochaetales begs further investigation of its eco-physiology.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota klasifikace genetika MeSH
- elongační faktor 1 genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- GC bohatá sekvence MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- mitochondriální DNA genetika MeSH
- mykorhiza klasifikace genetika MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika MeSH
- zastoupení bazí MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The taxonomy of the aquatic hyphomycete genus Articulospora (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotima, Leotiales, Helotiaceae) is based on the morphology of the generative phase of its lifecycle. The type species is Articulospora tetracladia, which is distributed worldwide. Its most frequent populations in nature have dimorphic conidia, differing by the extent of conidial branching (i.e., one or two levels of branching). Some strains, stable in culture, produce exclusively conidia of one type. With the molecular analyses employed here and the relatively low number of available isolates (20), separation based on branching of conidia has not been fully supported. Therefore we propose to retain the broad concept of A. tetracladia with dimorphic conidia. Among the three gene sequences tested as potential barcodes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene was the most promising region. All strains yielded amplifiable DNA which provided adequate resolution, according to accepted ranges in inter/intraspecific differences, to differentiate among the three Articulospora and two Fontanospora species that were tested (Articulospora atra, Articulospora proliferata, A. tetracladia, Fontanospora eccentrica, Fontanospora fusiramosa). D1/D2 primers also permitted amplification in all strains, however without much resolution. Amplification of the COX1 gene sequence was least consistent.
Mechanisms evolved in eukaryotes to handle heavy metals involve cytosolic, metal-binding metallothioneins (MTs). We have previously documented that the sequestration of silver (Ag) in the Ag-hyperaccumulating Amanita strobiliformis is dominated by 34-amino-acid (AA) AsMT1a, 1b, and 1c isoforms. Here we show that in addition to AsMT1a, 1b, and 1c isogenes, the fungus has two other MT genes: AsMT2 encoding a 34-AA AsMT2 similar to MTs known from other species, but unrelated to AsMT1s; AsMT3 coding for a 62-AA AsMT3 that shares substantial identity with as-yet-uncharacterized conserved peptides predicted in agaricomycetes. Transcription of AsMT1s and AsMT3 in the A. strobiliformis mycelium was specifically inducible by treatments with Ag or copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) or cadmium (Cd), respectively; AsMT2 showed a moderate upregulation in the presence of Cd. Expression of AsMTs in the metal-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that all AsMTs confer increased Cd tolerance (AsMT3 proved the most effective) and that, unlike AsMT1 and AsMT2, AsMT3 can protect the yeasts against Zn toxicity. The highest level of Cu tolerance was observed with yeasts expressing AsMT1a. Our data indicate that A. strobiliformis can specifically employ different MT genes for functions in the cellular handling of Ag and Cu (AsMT1s) and Zn (AsMT3).
- MeSH
- Amanita genetika metabolismus MeSH
- genetická transkripce účinky léků MeSH
- měď metabolismus MeSH
- metalothionein genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae účinky léků genetika metabolismus MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- stříbro metabolismus MeSH
- tolerance léku MeSH
- zinek metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Results of a survey and study of the Claviceps purpurea group of species in South Africa are being presented and five new species are described. Morphological descriptions are based on the anamorphs and four nuclear genetic loci. Claviceps fimbristylidis sp. nov. on Fimbristylis complanata was discovered wide-spread across five provinces of the country associated with water and represents the fourth Claviceps species recorded from the Cyperaceae. Claviceps monticola sp. nov. is described from Brachypodium flexum growing in mountain forests in Mpumalanga Province, as well as the northern Drakensberg southwards into the Eastern Cape Province. Claviceps pazoutovae sp. nov. is recorded from Stipa dregeana var. dregeana and Ehrharta erecta var. erecta, also associated with these mountain ranges. Claviceps macroura sp. nov. is recorded from Cenchrus macrourus from the Eastern Cape and Claviceps capensis sp. nov. from Ehrharta villosa var. villosa is recorded from the Western Cape Province. Claviceps cyperi, only recorded from South Africa is included in the study. Ergot alkaloid profiles of all species are provided and showed similarity to C. purpurea. Only C. cyperi and in lesser degree C. capensis, C. macroura, and C. pazoutovae produced ergot alkaloids in clinically significant amounts. Several reported species infect invasive grass species, native to South Africa, and thus represent potentially invasive species.
- MeSH
- Claviceps chemie klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- elongační faktor 1 genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- MCM komplex, komponenta 7 genetika MeSH
- mikrobiologie životního prostředí * MeSH
- námelové alkaloidy analýza MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- tubulin genetika MeSH
- voda MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jihoafrická republika MeSH
Phellinidium, including 13 accepted polypore species mostly with resupinate basidiocarps, is one of the most aggressive forest pathogenic genera. This genus is characterized by the combination of a monomitic hyphal structure, abundant hyphoid setae in the context and trama, and hyaline and thin-walled basidiospores. To explore the relationships among the species of Phellinidium, especially those between forest pathogens and saprophytes, we examined 29 specimens representing all 13 previously known species from Asia, Europe and America from morphological and phylogenetic perspectives. A new genus, Coniferiporia, was found to segregate from Phellinidium for three aggressive forest pathogens, and three new combinations, viz. Coniferiporia qilianensis (the generic type), Coniferiporia weirii and Coniferiporia sulphurascens, were proposed. Phellinidium cryptocystidiatum was treated as a synonym of C. sulphurascens. The circumscription of Phellinidium was delimited to accommodate Phellinidium asiaticum, Phellinidium ferrugineofuscum (the generic type), Phellinidium fragrans and Phellinidium pouzarii. Accordingly, the concept of Phellinidium was emended to accommodate resupinate species bearing cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid or allantoid basidiospores. No species of Phellinidium under the new circumscription has been reported to be a forest pathogen. Phellinidium noxium and Phellinidium rufitinctum were excluded from Phellinidium, while the taxonomical positions of Phellinidium aciferum, Phellinidium lamaënse, and Phellinidium orientale are still uncertain.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota klasifikace cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- fungální RNA genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze * MeSH
- geny rRNA MeSH
- hyfy cytologie MeSH
- lesy MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- RNA ribozomální genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- spory hub cytologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Amerika MeSH
- Asie MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
Ceriporiopsis latemarginata and Antrodiella angulatopora are two Neotropical polypores that are very similar morphologically and are characterized by effused-reflexed basidiomes, large angular pores, small ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores and a monomitic hyphal system with presence of thick-walled hyphae with infrequent clamps. In order to verify the evolutionary relations of C. latemarginata and to find its taxonomic placement, morphological, biological, and phylogenetic studies were carried out, as well as comparisons with Antrodiella s.s. and Ceriporiopsis s.s. Mono- and poly-sporic cultures were obtained and used for mating system and nuclear behaviour studies, as well as for DNA sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of ribosomal RNA gene, translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit-like gene. Type specimens of C. latemarginata and A. angulatopora were morphologically examined and their synonymy was confirmed. The results obtained support the description of a new polypore genus Rickiopora in the residual polyporoid clade characterized by a bipolar mating system, an astatocoenocytic nuclear behaviour, and a monomitic hyphal system that display a metachromatic reaction in cresyl blue.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- elongační faktor 1 genetika MeSH
- fungální geny pro párovací typ MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- mikroskopie MeSH
- Polyporales klasifikace cytologie genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- RNA-polymerasa II genetika MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- shluková analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
