Endophytic microbes are plant-associated microorganisms that reside in the interior tissue of plants without causing damage to the host plant. Endophytic microbes can boost the availability of nutrient for plant by using a variety of mechanisms such as fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, and producing siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and phytohormones that help plant for growth and protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses. The microbial endophytes have attained the mechanism of producing various hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, gelatinase, and bioactive compounds for plant growth promotion and protection. The efficient plant growth promoting endophytic microbes could be used as an alternative of chemical fertilizers for agro-environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes belong to different phyla including Euryarchaeota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The most pre-dominant group of bacteria belongs to Proteobacteria including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria. The least diversity of the endophytic microbes have been revealed from Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Acidobacteria. Among reported genera, Achromobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces were dominant in most host plants. The present review deals with plant endophytic diversity, mechanisms of plant growth promotion, protection, and their role for agro-environmental sustainability. In the future, application of endophytic microbes have potential role in enhancement of crop productivity and maintaining the soil health in sustainable manner.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * MeSH
- Bacillus * MeSH
- Bacteria genetika MeSH
- Basidiomycota * MeSH
- endofyty MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The human intestine is a habitat for microorganisms and, recently, the composition of the intestinal microbiota has been correlated with the etiology of diseases such as inflammations, sores, and tumors. Although many studies have been conducted to understand the composition of that microbiota, expanding these studies to more samples and different backgrounds will improve our knowledge. In this work, we showed the colon microbiota composition and diversity of healthy subjects, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colon cancer by metagenomic sequencing. Our results indicated that the relative abundance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes differs between the healthy vs. tumor biopsies, tumor vs. IBD biopsies, and fresh vs. paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies. Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus genera were relatively abundant in fresh tumor biopsies, while Pseudomonas was significantly elevated in IBD biopsies. Additionally, another opportunist pathogen Malasseziales was revealed as the most abundant fungal clade in IBD biopsies, especially in ulcerative colitis. We also found that, while the Basidiomycota:Ascomycota ratio was slightly lower in tumor biopsies compared to biopsies from healthy subjects, there was a significant increase in IBD biopsies. Our work will contribute to the known diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in the colon biopsies in patients with IBD and colon cancer.
Loss of consciousness ranks among very common causes for emergency medical service actions and is common occurrence in the emergency department. Its differential diagnosis is very broad and includes many possible causes, not in the least an intoxication. The same applies to convulsive states. Clinical course of mushroom poisoning varies depending on the particular fungal species, with some of the species causing loss of consciousness. One typical representative of such species is panther cap (Amanita pantherina). This case report introduces panther cap poisoning, initially presenting in given patient as coma and protracted generalized convulsions. Complex treatment led to withdrawal of neurologic symptoms, circulatory and metabolic stabilisation and subsequent discharge without signs of permanent organ damage.
- MeSH
- Amanita * MeSH
- bezvědomí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- otrava houbami * komplikace diagnóza terapie MeSH
- záchvaty chemicky indukované MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Pesticide residues are an important topic in many environmental studies, but little is known about the effects of pesticide residues of different ages on beneficial arthropods. Therefore, in this study the activity of residues of three different ages of several commonly used insecticides on the behaviour and mortality of European earwigs was evaluated in the laboratory and the effect of the insecticides was verified in the field. All residues of the biorational SpinTor® (spinosad), Radiant SC (spinetoram), and the conventional Steward® (indoxacarb) showed significantly faster mortality progression compared to the control in the laboratory. All the Steward® residues caused a significant wave of erratic behaviour as the earwigs went through a deep and relatively long moribund stage and resurrected. We verified the effects of SpinTor® and Steward® on changes in earwig abundance and their behaviour in the orchard. Earwigs abundance was significantly lower 16 days after application of biorational SpinTor® and conventional Steward® which had a significantly more pronounced and longer lasting effect. The earwig population stabilised by day 53 after the insecticide applications. Field applications of insecticides had no effect on earwig behaviour and sex ratio. Our results show that older residues have a negative effect on European earwigs equal to that of fresh residues, although their degradation should occur. It is interesting to note that biorational insecticides may not be safer than chemical insecticides.
- MeSH
- Auricularia MeSH
- hmyz MeSH
- insekticidy * toxicita MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- rezidua pesticidů * toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on a commercially available wheat straw substrate enriched with Zn and Se. Various amounts of Zn (10, 50, and 100 mg) and Se (1, 5, and 10 mg) in suitable forms ((CH3COO)2Zn·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and Na2SeO3·5H2O, respectively) were dissolved in 50 ml of deionized water and homogenously nebulized into the substrate block of 2.4 kg weight. The increase in the Zn content in fruiting bodies cultivated on the enriched substrate was relatively low compared with fruiting bodies cultivated on the substrate with no addition at the first flush. The application of different Zn compounds (acetate vs. nitrate) gave similar results. However, the addition of 1 mg of Se into the cultivation substrate block increased the content of Se in fruiting bodies to about 3-6 mg/kg dry matter. This content was one order of magnitude higher compared with the Se content in fruiting bodies harvested from the substrate with no Se addition (< 0.12-0.58 mg/kg dry matter). In the case of the addition of 5 mg of Se, there was a further significant increase in the content of this element to about 40-60 mg/kg dry matter.
- MeSH
- adaptivní imunita MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- funkční potraviny MeSH
- imunomodulační látky * terapeutické užití MeSH
- infekce dýchací soustavy terapie MeSH
- klinická studie jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Pleurotus * MeSH
- reinfekce terapie MeSH
- selen terapeutické užití MeSH
- vyvíjení léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
Legumes are ubiquitous, low-cost meals that are abundant in protein, vitamins, minerals, and calories. Several biotic constraints are to blame for the global output of legumes not meeting expectations. Fungi, in particular, are substantial restrictions that not only hinder production but also pose a serious health risk to both human and livestock consumption. Athelia rolfsii (Syn. Sclerotium rolfsii) is a dangerous pathogenic fungus that attacks most crops, causing massive yield losses. Legumes are no longer immune to this dreadful fungus, which can potentially result in a 100% yield loss. The initial disease symptoms based on the formation of brown color lesions at the point of infection and further development of mycelia, followed by yellowing and wilting of the whole plant. To tackle such situation, various strategies, i.e., management in cultural practices, disease-free plant growth, genetic changes, crop hybridization and in vitro culture techniques have been undertaken. This present review encapsulates the entire situation, from sclerotial dissemination through infection development and control in legume crops, with the goal of developing a tangible understanding of sustainable legume production improvements. Further study in this area might be led in an integrated manner as a result of this information, which could contribute to a better understanding of the processes of disease incidence, resistance mechanism, and its control, and fostering greater inventiveness in the production of legumes.
- MeSH
- Ascomycota * MeSH
- Basidiomycota * genetika MeSH
- Fabaceae * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zelenina MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Fuscoporia is a cosmopolitan, poroid, wood-decaying genus, belonging to the Hymenochaetales. During a study of wood-inhabiting fungi in the USA, four unknown specimens were collected from Hawaii. Both morphological criteria and molecular genetic analyses based on the ITS+nLSU+EF1-α datasets and the nLSU dataset confirmed that these four specimens represent two new species of Fuscoporia, and they are described as F. hawaiiana and F. minutissima. Fuscoporia hawaiiana is characterized by pileate basidiocarps, the absence of cystidioles, hooked hymenial setae, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 4-6 × 3.5-4.5 μm. Fuscoporia minutissima is distinguished by small pores (10-13 per mm) and basidiospores (3.4-4 × 2.4-3 μm). The taxonomic status of the two new species is briefly discussed. A key to the North American species of Fuscoporia is provided.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota * genetika MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- spory hub genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Havajské ostrovy MeSH
Phylogenetic and morphological analyses on Rigidoporus were carried out. The genus Rigidoporus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota), typified by R. microporus (Fr.) Overeem. (synonym Polyporus micromegas Mont.), was established by Murrill in 1905. The genus is mainly characterized by annual to perennial, resupinate, effused-reflexed to pileate or stipitate basidiomata with azonate or concentrically zonate and sulcate upper surface, a monomitic to pseudo-dimitic hyphal structure, simple-septate generative hyphae, and ellipsoid to globose basidiospores. Phylogeny on species of the genus is reconstructed with two loci DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer regions and the large subunit. Three new species in Rigidoporus are described and illustrated from Asia, and one new combination in the genus is proposed. The main morphological characteristics of the currently accepted species of Rigidoporus are provided.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota * genetika MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA genetika chemie MeSH
- ribozomální DNA genetika chemie MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
This paper represents the results of screening a diversity of fungal endophytes associated with Vitis vinifera leaves and canes in the Czech Republic. The characterization of strains is based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, EF1α and TUB2 sequence data. Our strain selection covers 16 species and seven orders belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Together with ubiquitous fungi, we report on several poorly known plant-associated fungi, Angustimassarina quercicola (= A. coryli, a synonym proposed in this study) and Pleurophoma pleurospora. Other species, such as Didymella negriana, D. variabilis, Neosetophoma sp. (species identical or sister to N. rosae), Phragmocamarosporium qujingensis and Sporocadus rosigena, have so far been little known and rarely found, but are frequent on V. vinifera in different parts of the world and obviously belong to a microbiota with a strong preference for this plant. Detailed taxonomical identification allowed us to identify species with apparent stable associations with V. vinifera, for which further interactions with V. vinifera can be expected. Our study is the first to focus on V. vinifera endophytes in Central Europe and expands the knowledge about their taxonomy, ecology and geography.
- MeSH
- Basidiomycota * MeSH
- endofyty genetika MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- houby MeSH
- Vitis * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
