Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) cause significant disease worldwide. Population-based sero-surveillance, by measuring antibodies against specific NPEV types, provides additional information on past circulation and the prediction for future upsurges. Virus neutralisation assays (VNA), the current method of choice for measuring NPEV type specific antibodies, are not entirely standardised. Via the European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network, we organised a VNA quality assessment in which twelve laboratories participated. We provided five echovirus (E) types (E1, E18, E30 G2, E30 G6 and E6) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) as a sample for the NPEV VNA quality assessment. Differences in VNA protocols and neutralising Ab (nAb) titres were found between the participating laboratories with geometric coefficients of variation ranging from 10.3-62.9 %. Mixed-effects regression analysis indicated a small but significant effect of type of cell line used. Harmonisation of cell line passage number, however, did not improve variation between laboratories. Calibration by making use of a reference sample, reduced variation between laboratories but differences in nAb titres remained higher than two log2 dilution steps. In conclusion, sero-surveillance data from different laboratories should be compared with caution and standardised protocols are needed.
- MeSH
- ECHO virové infekce virologie epidemiologie imunologie MeSH
- enterovirové infekce virologie imunologie MeSH
- enterovirus B lidský * imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neutralizační testy * metody normy MeSH
- neutralizující protilátky * krev imunologie MeSH
- protilátky virové * krev imunologie MeSH
- séroepidemiologické studie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are proven vectors of various pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although mostly known for their pivotal role in the transmission of parasitic protists of the genus Leishmania that cause leishmaniases, they are also proven or suspected vectors of many arboviruses, some of which threaten human and animal health, causing disorders such as human encephalitis (Chandipura virus) or serious diseases of domestic animals (vesicular stomatitis viruses). We reviewed the literature to summarize the current published information on viruses detected in or isolated from phlebotomine sand flies, excluding the family Phenuiviridae with the genus Phlebovirus, as these have been well investigated and up-to-date reviews are available. Sand fly-borne viruses from four other families (Rhabdoviridae, Flaviviridae, Reoviridae and Peribunyaviridae) and one unclassified group (Negevirus) are reviewed for the first time regarding their distribution in nature, host and vector specificity, and potential natural transmission cycles.
- MeSH
- arboviry * MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Phlebovirus * MeSH
- Psychodidae * MeSH
- Rhabdoviridae * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Extensive axonal and neuronal loss is the main cause of severe manifestations and poor outcomes in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) is an essential component of axons, and its detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum can indicate the degree of neuroaxonal damage. We examined the use of pNF-H as a biomarker of neuroaxonal injury in TBE. In 89 patients with acute TBE, we measured CSF levels of pNF-H and 3 other markers of brain injury (glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100B and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1) and compared the results to those for patients with meningitis of other aetiology and controls. Serum pNF-H levels were measured in 80 patients and compared with findings for 90 healthy blood donors. TBE patients had significantly (P<0.001) higher CSF pNF-H levels than controls as early as hospital admission. Serum pNF-H concentrations were significantly higher in samples from TBE patients collected at hospital discharge (P<0.0001) than in controls. TBE patients with the highest peak values of serum pNF-H, exceeding 10 000 pg ml-1, had a very severe disease course, with coma or tetraplegia. Patients requiring intensive care had significantly higher serum pNF-H levels than other TBE patients (P<0.01). Elevated serum pNF-H values were also observed in patients with incomplete recovery (P<0.05). Peak serum pNF-H levels correlated positively with the duration of hospitalization (P=0.005). Measurement of pNF-H levels in TBE patients might be useful for assessing disease severity and determining prognosis.
- MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- intermediární filamenta MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Members of the family Secoviridae are non-enveloped plant viruses with mono- or bipartite linear positive-sense ssRNA genomes with a combined genome of 9 to 13.7 kb and icosahedral particles 25-30 nm in diameter. They are related to picornaviruses and are members of the order Picornavirales. Genera in the family are distinguished by the host range, vector, genomic features and phylogeny of the member viruses. Most members infect dicotyledonous plants, and many cause serious disease epidemics. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the family Secoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/secoviridae.
Members of the family Pospiviroidae have single-stranded circular RNA genomes that adopt a rod-like or a quasi-rod-like conformation. These genomes contain a central conserved region that is involved in replication in the nucleus through an asymmetric RNA-RNA rolling-circle mechanism. Members of the family Pospiviroidae lack the hammerhead ribozymes that are typical of viroids classified in the family Avsunviroidae. The family Pospiviroidae includes the genera Apscaviroid, Cocadviroid, Coleviroid, Hostuviroid and Pospiviroid, with >25 species. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Pospiviroidae, which is available at ictv.global/report/pospiviroidae.
The Hypoviridae, comprising one genus, Hypovirus, is a family of capsidless viruses with positive-sense, ssRNA genomes of 9.1-12.7 kb that possess either a single large ORF or two ORFs. The ORFs appear to be translated from genomic RNA by non-canonical mechanisms, i.e. internal ribosome entry site-mediated and stop/restart translation. Hypoviruses have been detected in ascomycetous or basidiomycetous filamentous fungi, and are considered to be replicated in host Golgi-derived, lipid vesicles that contain their dsRNA as a replicative form. Some hypoviruses induce hypovirulence to host fungi, while others do not. This is a summary of the current ICTV report on the taxonomy of the Hypoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/hypoviridae.
Members of the family Avsunviroidae have a single-stranded circular RNA genome that adopts a rod-like or branched conformation and can form, in the strands of either polarity, hammerhead ribozymes involved in their replication in plastids through a symmetrical RNA-RNA rolling-circle mechanism. These viroids lack the central conserved region typical of members of the family Pospiviroidae. The family Avsunviroidae includes three genera, Avsunviroid, Pelamoviroid and Elaviroid, with a total of four species. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the taxonomy of the family Avsunviroidae, which is available at http://www.ictv.global/report/avsunviroidae.
Members of the family Pleolipoviridae (termed pleolipoviruses) are pseudo-spherical and pleomorphic archaeal viruses. The enveloped virion is a simple membrane vesicle, which encloses different types of DNA genomes of approximately 7-16 kbp (or kilonucleotides). Typically, virions contain a single type of transmembrane (spike) protein at the envelope and a single type of membrane protein, which is embedded in the envelope and located in the internal side of the membrane. All viruses infect extremely halophilic archaea in the class Halobacteria (phylum Euryarchaeota). Pleolipoviruses have a narrow host range and a persistent, non-lytic life cycle. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Pleolipoviridae which is available at www.ictv.global/report/pleolipoviridae.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus. It can cause serious infections in humans that may result in encephalitis/meningoencephalitis. Although several studies have described the involvement of specific genes in the host response to TBEV infection in the central nervous system (CNS), the overall network remains poorly characterized. Therefore, we investigated the response of DAOY cells (human medulloblastoma cells derived from cerebellar neurons) to TBEV (Neudoerfl strain, Western subtype) infection to characterize differentially expressed genes by transcriptome analysis. Our results revealed a wide panel of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type III but not type I (or II) interferons (IFNs), which are activated upon TBEV infection, as well as a number of non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs. To obtain a broader view of the pathways responsible for eliciting an antiviral state in DAOY cells we examined the effect of type I and III IFNs and found that only type I IFN pre-treatment inhibited TBEV production. The cellular response to TBEV showed only partial overlap with gene expression changes induced by IFN-β treatment - suggesting a virus-specific signature - and we identified a group of ISGs that were highly up-regulated following IFN-β treatment. Moreover, a high rate of down-regulation was observed for a wide panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon IFN-β treatment. These data can serve as the basis for further studies of host-TBEV interactions and the identification of ISGs and/or lncRNAs with potent antiviral effects in cases of TBEV infection in human neuronal cells.
- MeSH
- aktivace transkripce MeSH
- cytokiny genetika imunologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu MeSH
- interferony genetika imunologie MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida genetika imunologie virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurony imunologie virologie MeSH
- viry klíšťové encefalitidy genetika fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
