BACKGROUND: Poor oral health has been identified as a prognostic factor potentially affecting the survival of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, evidence to date supporting this association has emanated from studies based on single cohorts with small-to-modest sample sizes. METHODS: Pooled analysis of 2449 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma participants from 4 studies of the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium included data on periodontal disease, tooth brushing frequency, mouthwash use, numbers of natural teeth, and dental visits over the 10 years prior to diagnosis. Multivariable generalized linear regression models were used and adjusted for age, sex, race, geographic region, tumor site, tumor-node-metastasis stage, treatment modality, education, and smoking to estimate risk ratios (RR) of associations between measures of oral health and overall survival. RESULTS: Remaining natural teeth (10-19 teeth: RR = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69 to 0.95; ≥20 teeth: RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.99) and frequent dental visits (>5 visits: RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.91) were associated with better overall survival. The inverse association with natural teeth was most pronounced among patients with hypopharyngeal and/or laryngeal, and not otherwise specified head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The association with dental visits was most pronounced among patients with oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Patient-reported gingival bleeding, tooth brushing, and report of ever use of mouthwash were not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Good oral health as defined by maintenance of the natural dentition and frequent dental visits appears to be associated with improved overall survival among head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

• MeSH
• dlaždicobuněčné karcinomy hlavy a krku epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory hlavy a krku * epidemiologie   MeSH
• orální zdraví MeSH
• spinocelulární karcinom * patologie   MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• ústní vody MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Transcriptome-wide association studies have been successful in identifying candidate susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer (CRC). To strengthen susceptibility gene discovery, we conducted a large transcriptome-wide association study and an alternative splicing transcriptome-wide association study in CRC using improved genetic prediction models and performed in-depth functional investigations. METHODS: We analyzed RNA-sequencing data from normal colon tissues and genotype data from 423 European descendants to build genetic prediction models of gene expression and alternative splicing and evaluated model performance using independent RNA-sequencing data from normal colon tissues of the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project. We applied the verified models to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics among 58 131 CRC cases and 67 347 controls of European ancestry to evaluate associations of genetically predicted gene expression and alternative splicing with CRC risk. We performed in vitro functional assays for 3 selected genes in multiple CRC cell lines. RESULTS: We identified 57 putative CRC susceptibility genes, which included the 48 genes from transcriptome-wide association studies and 15 genes from splicing transcriptome-wide association studies, at a Bonferroni-corrected P value less than .05. Of these, 16 genes were not previously implicated in CRC susceptibility, including a gene PDE7B (6q23.3) at locus previously not reported by CRC GWAS. Gene knockdown experiments confirmed the oncogenic roles for 2 unreported genes, TRPS1 and METRNL, and a recently reported gene, C14orf166. CONCLUSION: This study discovered new putative susceptibility genes of CRC and provided novel insights into the biological mechanisms underlying CRC development.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• represorové proteiny genetika   MeSH
• RNA MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced secondary breast cancer (BC) may be a concern after radiation therapy (RT) for primary breast cancer (PBC), especially in young patients with germline (g)BRCA-associated BC who already have high contralateral BC (CBC) risk and potentially increased genetic susceptibility to radiation. We sought to investigate whether adjuvant RT for PBC increases the risk of CBC in patients with gBRCA1/2-associated BC. METHODS: The gBRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers diagnosed with PBC were selected from the prospective International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the association between RT (yes vs no) and CBC risk. We further stratified for BRCA status and age at PBC diagnosis (<40 and >40 years). Statistical significance tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: Of 3602 eligible patients, 2297 (64%) received adjuvant RT. Median follow-up was 9.6 years. The RT group had more patients with stage III PBC than the non-RT group (15% vs 3%, P < .001), received chemotherapy more often (81% vs 70%, P < .001), and received endocrine therapy more often (50% vs 35%, P < .001). The RT group had an increased CBC risk compared with the non-RT group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12 to 1.86). Statistical significance was observed in gBRCA2 (HR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.13 to 2.77) but not in gBRCA1 pathogenic variant carriers (HR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.77; P = .39 for interaction). In the combined gBRCA1/2 group, patients irradiated when they were younger than or older than 40 years of age at PBC diagnosis showed similar risks (HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.93 to 2.04 and HR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.19, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RT regimens minimizing contralateral breast dose should be considered in gBRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers.

• MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory prsu * genetika   radioterapie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• protein BRCA1 genetika   MeSH
• protein BRCA2 genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Germline genetic variation contributes to lung cancer (LC) susceptibility. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated susceptibility loci involved in smoking behaviors and DNA repair genes, but further work is required to identify susceptibility variants. METHODS: To identify LC susceptibility loci, a family history-based genome-wide association by proxy (GWAx) of LC (48 843 European proxy LC patients, 195 387 controls) was combined with a previous LC GWAS (29 266 patients, 56 450 controls) by meta-analysis. Colocalization was used to explore candidate genes and overlap with existing traits at discovered susceptibility loci. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were tested within an independent validation cohort (1 666 LC patients vs 6 664 controls) using variants selected from the LC susceptibility loci and a novel selection approach using published GWAS summary statistics. Finally, the effects of the LC PRS on somatic mutational burden were explored in patients whose tumor resections have been profiled by exome (n = 685) and genome sequencing (n = 61). Statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS: The GWAx-GWAS meta-analysis identified 8 novel LC loci. Colocalization implicated DNA repair genes (CHEK1), metabolic genes (CYP1A1), and smoking propensity genes (CHRNA4 and CHRNB2). PRS analysis demonstrated that these variants, as well as subgenome-wide significant variants related to expression quantitative trait loci and/or smoking propensity, assisted in LC genetic risk prediction (odds ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval = 1.29 to 1.45; P < .001). Patients with higher genetic PRS loads of smoking-related variants tended to have higher mutation burdens in their lung tumors. CONCLUSIONS: This study has expanded the number of LC susceptibility loci and provided insights into the molecular mechanisms by which these susceptibility variants contribute to LC development.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie * MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• nádory plic * epidemiologie   genetika   patologie   MeSH
• zárodečné buňky patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Glycemic traits-such as hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes-have been associated with higher colorectal cancer risk in observational studies; however, causality of these associations is uncertain. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the causal effects of fasting insulin, 2-hour glucose, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and type 2 diabetes with colorectal cancer. METHODS: Genome-wide association study summary data were used to identify genetic variants associated with circulating levels of fasting insulin (n = 34), 2-hour glucose (n = 13), fasting glucose (n = 70), HbA1c (n = 221), and type 2 diabetes (n = 268). Using 2-sample MR, we examined these variants in relation to colorectal cancer risk (48 214 case patient and 64 159 control patients). RESULTS: In inverse-variance models, higher fasting insulin levels increased colorectal cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] per 1-SD = 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15 to 2.36). We found no evidence of any effect of 2-hour glucose (OR per 1-SD = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.86 to 1.21) or fasting glucose (OR per 1-SD = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.88 to 1.23) concentrations on colorectal cancer risk. Genetic liability to type 2 diabetes (OR per 1-unit increase in log odds = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.07) and higher HbA1c levels (OR per 1-SD = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.19) increased colorectal cancer risk, although these findings may have been biased by pleiotropy. Higher HbA1c concentrations increased rectal cancer risk in men (OR per 1-SD = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.40), but not in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a causal effect of higher fasting insulin, but not glucose traits or type 2 diabetes, on increased colorectal cancer risk. This suggests that pharmacological or lifestyle interventions that lower circulating insulin levels may be beneficial in preventing colorectal tumorigenesis.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu * komplikace   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• glykovaný hemoglobin analýza   MeSH
• hyperinzulinismus * komplikace   genetika   MeSH
• inzulin MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * komplikace   epidemiologie   genetika   MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mendelovská randomizace MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are neuroendocrine tumors with frequent mutations in genes linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, no pathogenic variant has been found to date in succinyl-CoA ligase (SUCL), an enzyme that provides substrate for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; mitochondrial complex II [CII]), a known tumor suppressor in PPGL. METHODS: A cohort of 352 patients with apparently sporadic PPGL underwent genetic testing using a panel of 54 genes developed at the National Institutes of Health, including the SUCLG2 subunit of SUCL. Gene deletion, succinate levels, and protein levels were assessed in tumors where possible. To confirm the possible mechanism, we used a progenitor cell line, hPheo1, derived from a human pheochromocytoma, and ablated and re-expressed SUCLG2. RESULTS: We describe 8 germline variants in the guanosine triphosphate-binding domain of SUCLG2 in 15 patients (15 of 352, 4.3%) with apparently sporadic PPGL. Analysis of SUCLG2-mutated tumors and SUCLG2-deficient hPheo1 cells revealed absence of SUCLG2 protein, decrease in the level of the SDHB subunit of SDH, and faulty assembly of the complex II, resulting in aberrant respiration and elevated succinate accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests SUCLG2 as a novel candidate gene in the genetic landscape of PPGL. Large-scale sequencing may uncover additional cases harboring SUCLG2 variants and provide more detailed information about their prevalence and penetrance.

• MeSH
• feochromocytom * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory nadledvin * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• paragangliom * genetika   patologie   MeSH
• sukcinátdehydrogenasa genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• zárodečné mutace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify associations of individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with cancer risk but usually only explain a fraction of the inherited variability. Pathway analysis of genetic variants is a powerful tool to identify networks of susceptibility genes. METHODS: We conducted a large agnostic pathway-based meta-analysis of GWAS data using the summary-based adaptive rank truncated product method to identify gene sets and pathways associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 9040 cases and 12 496 controls. We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and functional annotation of the top SNPs in genes contributing to the top associated pathways and gene sets. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: We identified 14 pathways and gene sets associated with PDAC at a false discovery rate of less than 0.05. After Bonferroni correction (P ≤ 1.3 × 10-5), the strongest associations were detected in five pathways and gene sets, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young, regulation of beta-cell development, role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation by G protein-coupled receptors in cardiac hypertrophy pathways, and the Nikolsky breast cancer chr17q11-q21 amplicon and Pujana ATM Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) network gene sets. We identified and validated rs876493 and three correlating SNPs (PGAP3) and rs3124737 (CASP7) from the Pujana ATM PCC gene set as eQTLs in two normal derived pancreas tissue datasets. CONCLUSION: Our agnostic pathway and gene set analysis integrated with functional annotation and eQTL analysis provides insight into genes and pathways that may be biologically relevant for risk of PDAC, including those not previously identified.

• MeSH
• celogenomová asociační studie metody   MeSH
• duktální karcinom pankreatu genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní genetika   MeSH
• statistické modely MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH

BACKGROUND: We applied a training and testing approach to develop and validate a plasma metabolite panel for the detection of early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) alone and in combination with a previously validated protein panel for early-stage PDAC. METHODS: A comprehensive metabolomics platform was initially applied to plasmas collected from 20 PDAC cases and 80 controls. Candidate markers were filtered based on a second independent cohort that included nine invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm cases and 51 benign pancreatic cysts. Blinded validation of the resulting metabolite panel was performed in an independent test cohort consisting of 39 resectable PDAC cases and 82 matched healthy controls. The additive value of combining the metabolite panel with a previously validated protein panel was evaluated. RESULTS: Five metabolites (acetylspermidine, diacetylspermine, an indole-derivative, and two lysophosphatidylcholines) were selected as a panel based on filtering criteria. A combination rule was developed for distinguishing between PDAC and healthy controls using the Training Set. In the blinded validation study with early-stage PDAC samples and controls, the five metabolites yielded areas under the curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.726 to 0.842, and the combined metabolite model yielded an AUC of 0.892 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.828 to 0.956). Performance was further statistically significantly improved by combining the metabolite panel with a previously validated protein marker panel consisting of CA 19-9, LRG1, and TIMP1 (AUC = 0.924, 95% CI = 0.864 to 0.983, comparison DeLong test one-sided P= .02). CONCLUSIONS: A metabolite panel in combination with CA19-9, TIMP1, and LRG1 exhibited substantially improved performance in the detection of early-stage PDAC compared with a protein panel alone.

• MeSH
• duktální karcinom pankreatu genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• invazivní růst nádoru MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolom * MeSH
• mucinózní adenokarcinom genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   genetika   MeSH
• nádory slinivky břišní genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• papilární karcinom genetika   metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• staging nádorů MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• transkriptom * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

BACKGROUND: BRCA1/2 mutations confer high lifetime risk of breast cancer, although other factors may modify this risk. Whether height or body mass index (BMI) modifies breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers remains unclear. METHODS: We used Mendelian randomization approaches to evaluate the association of height and BMI on breast cancer risk, using data from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 with 14 676 BRCA1 and 7912 BRCA2 mutation carriers, including 11 451 cases of breast cancer. We created a height genetic score using 586 height-associated variants and a BMI genetic score using 93 BMI-associated variants. We examined both observed and genetically determined height and BMI with breast cancer risk using weighted Cox models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Observed height was positively associated with breast cancer risk (HR = 1.09 per 10 cm increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0 to 1.17; P = 1.17). Height genetic score was positively associated with breast cancer, although this was not statistically significant (per 10 cm increase in genetically predicted height, HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.17; P = .47). Observed BMI was inversely associated with breast cancer risk (per 5 kg/m2 increase, HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.98; P = .007). BMI genetic score was also inversely associated with breast cancer risk (per 5 kg/m2 increase in genetically predicted BMI, HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.98; P = .02). BMI was primarily associated with premenopausal breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Height is associated with overall breast cancer and BMI is associated with premenopausal breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Incorporating height and BMI, particularly genetic score, into risk assessment may improve cancer management.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti * MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mendelovská randomizace * MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• nádory prsu etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protein BRCA1 genetika   MeSH
• protein BRCA2 genetika   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• tělesná výška * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Background: Precise risk stratification-based treatment of solitary intrathyroidal papillary thyroid cancer (SI-PTC) that is larger than 1.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less is undefined. Methods: A genetic-clinical risk study was performed on BRAF V600E in 955 patients (768 women and 187 men) with SI-PTC, with median age of 46 years and median clinical follow-up time of 64 months at 11 medical centers in six countries. The chi-square test or, for analyses with small numbers, Fisher's exact test was performed to compare recurrence rates. Recurrence-free probability was estimated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis, and the independent effect of BRAF mutation on the recurrence was analyzed by Cox regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Recurrence of SI-PTC larger than 1.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less was 9.5% (21/221) vs 3.4% (11/319) in BRAF mutation vs wild-type BRAF patients, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46 to 6.30) and a patient age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of 3.10 (95% CI = 1.49 to 6.45, P = .002). Recurrence rates of SI-PTC larger than 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less were 16.5% (13/79) vs 3.6% (5/139) in mutation vs wild-type patients (HR = 5.44, 95% CI = 1.93 to 15.34; and adjusted HR = 5.58, 95% CI = 1.96 to 15.85, P = .001). Recurrence rates of SI-PTC larger than 3.0 cm and 4 cm or less were 30.0% (6/20) vs 1.9% (1/54) in mutation vs wild-type patients (HR = 18.40, 95% CI = 2.21 to 152.98; and adjusted HR = 14.73, 95% CI = 1.74 to 124.80, P = .01). Recurrences of mutation-positive SI-PTC were comparable with those of counterpart invasive solitary PTC, around 20% to 30%, in tumors larger than 2.0 cm to 3.0 cm. BRAF mutation was associated with a statistically significant decrease in recurrence-free patient survival on KM analysis, particularly in SI-PTC larger than 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less. Similar results were obtained in conventional SI-PTC. The negative predictive values of BRAF mutation for recurrence were 97.8% (95% CI = 96.3% to 98.8%) for general SI-PTC and 98.2% (95% CI = 96.3% to 99.3%) for conventional SI-PTC. Conclusions: BRAF V600E identifies a subgroup of SI-PTC larger than 1.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less, particularly tumors larger than 2.0 cm and 4.0 cm or less, that has high risk for recurrence comparable with that of invasive solitary PTC, making more aggressive treatment reasonable.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• individualizovaná medicína * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lokální recidiva nádoru genetika   patologie   MeSH
• míra přežití MeSH
• mutace * MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery genetika   MeSH
• nádory štítné žlázy genetika   patologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• papilární karcinom genetika   patologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• protoonkogenní proteiny B-raf genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH