Microglial cells mediate diverse homeostatic, inflammatory, and immune processes during normal development and in response to cytotoxic challenges. During these functional activities, microglial cells undergo distinct numerical and morphological changes in different tissue volumes in both rodent and human brains. However, it remains unclear how these cytostructural changes in microglia correlate with region-specific neurochemical functions. To better understand these relationships, neuroscientists need accurate, reproducible, and efficient methods for quantifying microglial cell number and morphologies in histological sections. To address this deficit, we developed a novel deep learning (DL)-based classification, stereology approach that links the appearance of Iba1 immunostained microglial cells at low magnification (20×) with the total number of cells in the same brain region based on unbiased stereology counts as ground truth. Once DL models are trained, total microglial cell numbers in specific regions of interest can be estimated and treatment groups predicted in a high-throughput manner (<1 min) using only low-power images from test cases, without the need for time and labor-intensive stereology counts or morphology ratings in test cases. Results for this DL-based automatic stereology approach on two datasets (total 39 mouse brains) showed >90% accuracy, 100% percent repeatability (Test-Retest) and 60× greater efficiency than manual stereology (<1 min vs. ∼ 60 min) using the same tissue sections. Ongoing and future work includes use of this DL-based approach to establish clear neurodegeneration profiles in age-related human neurological diseases and related animal models.
The effect of feeding caffeine on the behaviour and neural proteome of Galleria mellonella larvae was assessed. Caffeine was administered to larvae by force feeding and the metabolites theobromine and theophylline were subsequently detected by RP-HPLC analysis. Administration of caffeine to larvae resulted in reduced movement and a reduction in the formation of pupae. The production of the muscle relaxant theophylline may contribute to the reduction in larval movement. Analysis of the changes in proteome of the brain and surrounding tissues of caffeine fed larvae revealed an increase in the abundance of immune related proteins such as immune-related Hdd1 (6.28 fold increase) and hemolin (1.68 fold increase), ATPase associated proteins such as H+ transporting ATP synthase O subunit isoform 1 (1.87 fold increase) and H+ transporting ATP synthase delta subunit (1.53 fold increase) and proteins indicative of brain trauma such as troponin T transcript variant B, partial (1.55 fold increase). Proteins involved in development and protein degradation such as SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1 (3.08 fold decrease) and chitin deacetylase, partial (3.67 fold decrease) were decreased in abundance. The results presented here indicate that caffeine is metabolised in a similar way in G. mellonella larvae to that in mammals and results in a variety of behavioural and developmental alterations. Utilisation of insects for studying the effects of caffeine and other neuroactive compounds may offer new insights into their mode of action and reduce the need to use mammals for this type of analysis.
- MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- hmyzí proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- kofein aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- larva účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- mozek účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- můry účinky léků růst a vývoj MeSH
- pohyb účinky léků MeSH
- proteom metabolismus MeSH
- stimulanty centrálního nervového systému aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- MeSH
- chování zvířat účinky léků MeSH
- čich účinky záření MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- glutamát sodný toxicita MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- novorozená zvířata fyziologie MeSH
- pohybová aktivita účinky léků MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) účinky léků MeSH
- sociální chování MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- úzkost psychologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- MeSH
- adrenalin krev MeSH
- adrenokortikotropní hormon krev MeSH
- antikonvulziva toxicita MeSH
- fenytoin toxicita MeSH
- hormon uvolňující kortikotropin biosyntéza MeSH
- hybridizace in situ MeSH
- hypothalamus metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- kortikosteron krev MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- messenger RNA biosyntéza MeSH
- neuropeptidy metabolismus MeSH
- neurosekreční systémy účinky léků MeSH
- noradrenalin krev MeSH
- oxytocin biosyntéza MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- preference v jídle účinky léků MeSH
- psychický stres patofyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The Neurobehavioral Evaluation System was designed for field studies of workers, but many NES tests can be performed satisfactorily by children as young as 7 or 8 years old and a few tests, such as simple reaction time, can be performed by preschool children. However, little comparative data from children of different ages or grade levels are available. Studies of school children in the Czech Republic indicate that 2nd-grade children could perform the following NES tests satisfactorily: Finger Tapping, Visual Digit Span. Continuous Performance, Symbol-Digit Substitution, Pattern Comparison, and simpler conditions of Switching Attention. Comparative scores of boys and girls from the 2nd, 4th, and 8th grades and power analyses to estimate appropriate sample size were presented. Performance varied systematically with grade level and gender. Larger samples were needed with younger children to achieve comparable levels of statistical power. Gender comparisons indicated that boys responded faster, but made more errors than girls.
- MeSH
- diagnóza počítačová přístrojové vybavení normy MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy normy MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- prsty ruky fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- stárnutí psychologie MeSH
- verbální učení fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
