BACKGROUND: Suicides are a major public health problem with serious consequences for societies. AIM: To compare epidemiological patterns and trends of suicides in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland in 1990-2019, and analyze them in the European and global context. METHODS: A trend analysis was conducted in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, in Western Europe and on global level for 1990-2019. All data were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases study 2019. Numbers and age-standardized rates of deaths and Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to suicides were analyzed, stratified by sex and age (0-14 years old, 15-49 years old, 50-69 years old, 70+ years). RESULTS: In 2019, 759,028 suicides occurred globally, 17,408 (2.3%) in Central Europe. The proportion of males was substantially larger, compared to the global and Western European levels (e.g., 82 vs. 69 and 75%, respectively). The highest rates of suicide were in Hungary (19.7 per 100,000), lowest in Slovakia (12.8); the rate in Central Europe was higher than the global rate (15.2 vs. 9.8), and the rate in Western Europe (11.4). A steady decline of rates was observed in all countries, particularly in Hungary. In Czech Republic we found an increasing relative importance of suicides among people 70 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: Death rates due to suicides have been declining in the analyzed countries, but some characteristics and trends when compared to global and regional estimates, such as substantially higher proportion of male suicides or high death rates among the elderly warrant specifically tailored preventative action coordinated by governments with community involvement.

• Klíčová slova
• Central Europe, Death, Epidemiology, Prevention, Suicide,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• sebevražda * trendy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Maďarsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Polsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The muzzle imprint mark characteristically associated with contact or near contact entrance gunshot wounds exemplifies one of the most informative external findings in forensic medical practice. The presence of the muzzle imprint mark on the body's surface proves ballistic trauma, point of entry, and range of fire. Moreover, its appearance and configuration may indicate the type of the involved weapon and the way the firearm had been positioned and held at the time of discharge. In this paper, we present the contact shot wound pattern of an 83-year-old man who committed suicide with a Frommer Stop 12 M autoloading pistol of caliber 7.65 mm Browning. Initially, the muzzle imprint mark configuration in relation to the entrance gunshot defect in the victim's right temple indicated an unusual application or orientation of the pistol's barrel during discharge, thus, strongly suggesting a non-suicidal act. However, a critical confrontation of postmortem findings along with the results of ballistic expertise provided a clear explanation, which comprised the remarkable construction and unique muzzle design of the used handgun.

• Klíčová slova
• Contact shot, Entrance wound, Gunshot wound, Interpretation, Muzzle imprint,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• penetrující poranění hlavy * MeSH
• sebevražda * MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• soudní balistika MeSH
• střelné rány * MeSH
• střelné zbraně * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Many enzymes from the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR) have already been well characterized, particularly those that participate in crucial biochemical reactions in the human body (e.g. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 or carbonyl reductase 1). Several other SDR enzymes are completely or almost completely uncharacterized, such as DHRS1 (also known as SDR19C1). Based on our in silico and experimental approaches, DHRS1 is described as a likely monotopic protein that interacts with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The highest expression level of DHRS1 protein was observed in human liver and adrenals. The recombinant form of DHRS1 was purified using the detergent n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, and DHRS1 was proven to be an NADPH-dependent reductase that is able to catalyse the in vitro reductive conversion of some steroids (estrone, androstene-3,17-dione and cortisone), as well as other endogenous substances and xenobiotics. The expression pattern and enzyme activities fit to a role in steroid and/or xenobiotic metabolism; however, more research is needed to fully clarify the exact biological function of DHRS1.

• Klíčová slova
• DHRS1, SDR superfamily, SDR19C1, Steroid hormones, Xenobiotics,
• MeSH
• dehydrogenasy/reduktasy s krátkým řetězcem metabolismus   MeSH
• endoplazmatické retikulum metabolismus   MeSH
• estron metabolismus   MeSH
• HeLa buňky MeSH
• játra metabolismus   MeSH
• kortison metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nadledviny metabolismus   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny biosyntéza   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• Sf9 buňky MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dehydrogenasy/reduktasy s krátkým řetězcem MeSH
• DHRS1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• estron MeSH
• kortison MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• rekombinantní proteiny MeSH

Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 8 (DHRS8, SDR16C2) belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, one of the largest enzyme groups. In addition to the well-known members which participate in the metabolism of important eobiotics and xenobiotics, this superfamily contains many poorly characterized proteins. DHRS8 is a member of the Multisubstrate NADP(H)-dependent SDR16C family, which generally contains insufficiently described enzymes. Despite the limited knowledge about DHRS8, preliminary indicators have emerged regarding its significant function in the modulation of steroidal activity, at least in the case of 3α-adiol, lipid metabolism and detoxification. The aim of this study was to describe additional biochemical properties of DHRS8 and to unify knowledge about this enzyme. The DHRS8 was prepared in recombinant form and its membrane topology in the endoplasmic reticulum as an integral protein with cytosolic orientation was demonstrated. The enzyme participates in the NAD(+)-dependent oxidation of steroid hormones as β-estradiol and testosterone in vitro; apparent K m and V max values were 39.86 µM and 0.80 nmol × mg(-1) × min(-1) for β-estradiol and 1207.29 µM and 3.45 nmol × mg(-1) × min(-1) for testosterone. Moreover, synthetic steroids (methyltestosterone and nandrolone) used as anabolics as well as all-trans-retinol were for the first time identified as substrates of DHRS8. This knowledge of its in vitro activity together with a newly described expression pattern at the protein level in tissues involved in steroidogenesis (adrenal gland and testis) and detoxification (liver, lung, kidney and small intestine) could suggest a potential role of DHRS8 in vivo.

• Klíčová slova
• 17β-HSD11, DHRS8, Enzyme activity, Expression, Membrane topology, SDR16C2,
• MeSH
• katalýza MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH

The metabolism of steroids and retinoids has been studied in detail for a long time, as these compounds are involved in a broad spectrum of physiological processes. Many enzymes participating in the conversion of such compounds are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Despite great effort, there still remain a number of poorly characterized SDR proteins. According to various bioinformatics predictions, many of these proteins may play a role in the metabolism of steroids and retinoids. Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7 (DHRS7) is one such protein. In a previous study, we determined DHRS7 to be an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the lumen which has shown at least in vitro NADPH-dependent reducing activity toward several eobiotics and xenobiotics bearing a carbonyl moiety. In the present paper pure DHRS7 was used for a more detailed study of both substrate screening and an analysis of kinetics parameters of the physiologically important substrates androstene-3,17-dione, cortisone and all-trans-retinal. Expression patterns of DHRS7 at the mRNA as well as protein level were determined in a panel of various human tissue samples, a procedure that has enabled the first estimation of the possible biological function of this enzyme. DHRS7 is expressed in tissues such as prostate, adrenal glands, liver or intestine, where its activity could be well exploited. Preliminary indications show that DHRS7 exhibits dual substrate specificity recognizing not only steroids but also retinoids as potential substrates and could be important in the metabolism of these signalling molecules.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbonyl reduction, DHRS7, Metabolism, Retinoids, SDR, Steroids,
• MeSH
• androstendion metabolismus   MeSH
• cirkulární dichroismus MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• kortison metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• retinaldehyd metabolismus   MeSH
• steroidy metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• androstendion MeSH
• DHRS7 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• DHRS7c protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• kortison MeSH
• oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• retinaldehyd MeSH
• steroidy MeSH

Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 3 (DHRS3), also known as retinal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (retSDR1) is a member of SDR16C family. This family is thought to be NADP(H) dependent and to have multiple substrates; however, to date, only all-trans-retinal has been identified as a DHRS3 substrate. The reductive reaction catalysed by DHRS3 seems to be physiological, and recent studies proved the importance of DHRS3 for maintaining suitable retinoic acid levels during embryonic development in vivo. Although it seems that DHRS3 is an important protein, knowledge of the protein and its properties is quite limited, with the majority of information being more than 15 years old. This study aimed to generate a more comprehensive characterisation of the DHRS3 protein. Recombinant enzyme was prepared and demonstrated to be a microsomal, integral-membrane protein with the C-terminus oriented towards the cytosol, consistent with its preference of NADPH as a cofactor. It was determined that DHRS3 also participates in the metabolism of other endogenous compounds, such as androstenedione, estrone, and DL-glyceraldehyde, and in the biotransformation of xenobiotics (e.g., NNK and acetohexamide) in addition to all-trans-retinal. Purified and reconstituted enzyme was prepared for the first time and will be used for further studies. Expression of DHRS3 was shown at the level of both mRNA and protein in the human liver, testis and small intestine. This new information could open other areas of DHRS3 protein research.

• Klíčová slova
• DHRS3, Expression, Membrane topology, Reductase activity, retSDR1,
• MeSH
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• cytosol metabolismus   MeSH
• jaterní mikrozomy enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• játra enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• membránové proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• NADH, NADPH oxidoreduktasy metabolismus   MeSH
• NADP metabolismus   MeSH
• Sf9 buňky MeSH
• Spodoptera metabolismus   MeSH
• syntázy mastných kyselin metabolismus   MeSH
• tenké střevo enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• testis enzymologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• tretinoin metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alkoholoxidoreduktasy MeSH
• membránové proteiny MeSH
• NADH, NADPH oxidoreduktasy MeSH
• NADP MeSH
• short chain trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase MeSH Prohlížeč
• syntázy mastných kyselin MeSH
• tretinoin MeSH

X-ray is the most common, basic and essential imaging method used in forensic medicine. It serves to display and localize the foreign objects in the body and helps to detect various traumatic and pathological changes. X-ray imaging is valuable in anthropological assessment of an individual. X-ray allows non-invasive evaluation of important findings before the autopsy and thus selection of the optimal strategy for dissection. Basic indications for postmortem X-ray imaging in forensic medicine include gunshot and explosive fatalities (identification and localization of projectiles or other components of ammunition, visualization of secondary missiles), sharp force injuries (air embolism, identification of the weapon) and motor vehicle related deaths. The method is also helpful for complex injury evaluation in abused victims or in persons where abuse is suspected. Finally, X-ray imaging still remains the gold standard method for identification of unknown deceased. With time modern imaging methods, especially computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are more and more applied in forensic medicine. Their application extends possibilities of the visualization the bony structures toward a more detailed imaging of soft tissues and internal organs. The application of modern imaging methods in postmortem body investigation is known as digital or virtual autopsy. At present digital postmortem imaging is considered as a bloodless alternative to the conventional autopsy.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pitva metody   MeSH
• radiografie metody   MeSH
• soudní lékařství metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The hyoid bone is characterized by sexually dimorphic features, enabling it to occasionally be used in the sex determination aspect of establishing the biological profile in skeletal remains. Based on a sample of 298 fused and non-fused hyoid bones, the present paper compares several methodological approaches to sexing human hyoid bones in order to test the legitimacy of osteometrics-based linear discriminant equations and to explore the potentials of symbolic regression and methods of geometric morphometrics. In addition, two sets of published predictive models, one of which originated in an indigenous population, were validated on the studied sample. The results showed that the hyoid shape itself is a moderate sex predictor and a combination of linear measurements is a better representation of sex-related differences. The symbolic regression was shown to exceed the predictive powers of linear discriminant function analysis when two models based on a logistic and step regression reached 96% of correctly classified cases. There was a positive correlation between discriminant scores and an individual's age as the sex assessment was highly skewed in favour of males. This suggests that the human hyoid undergoes age-related modifications which facilitates determination of male bones and complicates determination of females in older individuals. The validation of discriminant equations by Komenda and Černý (1990) and Kindschud et al. (2010) revealed that there are marked inter-population and inter-sample differences which lessened the power to correctly determine female hyoid bones.

• Klíčová slova
• Geometric morphometrics, Hyoid bone, Linear discriminant function analysis, Sex determination, Symbolic regression,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• diskriminační analýza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• odchylka pozorovatele MeSH
• os hyoideum anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• software MeSH
• soudní antropologie MeSH
• určení pohlaví podle kostry metody   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

A 61-year-old man was found dead in the yard of his house with penetrating injury of the trunk. Initial examination of the body revealed a single penetrating injury on his chest with a collar abrasion-the injury pattern that is similar to a gunshot entry wound or shored exit wound. According to witnesses, the man had cut wooden frames from old windows with a circular saw. X-rays of the torso revealed a contrast object resembling a projectile in the left scapular region. The internal examination disclosed an isolated trunk trauma involving the left lung. In the soft tissue, between the inner edge of the left scapula and thoracic spine, the fragment of a metal nail was found. The autopsy confirmed that the wound on the chest was a non-firearm-related injury. The death of deceased was attributed to massive internal hemorrhage. Further investigation revealed that the pseudo-gunshot wound injury of the trunk of the victim was caused by a fast-flying metal object thrown against the man's trunk from a circular saw while cutting the wooden beams of old windows.

• MeSH
• cizí tělesa diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• krvácení etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• penetrující rány etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• poranění hrudníku etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• poškození plic etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• radiografie MeSH
• soudní patologie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH