In the European circular economy, agricultural practices introduce pharmaceutical (PhAC) residues into the terrestrial environment, posing a potential risk to earthworms. This study aimed to assess earthworm bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), the ecotoxicological effects of PhACs, the impact of biochar on PhAC bioavailability to earthworms, and their persistence in soil and investigate earthworm uptake mechanisms along with the spatial distribution of PhACs. Therefore, earthworms were exposed to contaminated soil for 21 days. The results revealed that BAFs ranged from 0.0216 to 0.329, with no significant ecotoxicological effects on earthworm weight or mortality (p > 0.05). Biochar significantly influenced the uptake of 14 PhACs on the first day (p < 0.05), with diminishing effects over time, and affected significantly the soil-degradation kinetics of 16 PhACs. Moreover, MALDI-MS analysis revealed that PhAC uptake occurs through both the dermal and oral pathways, as pharmaceuticals were distributed throughout the entire earthworm tissue without specific localization. In conclusion, this study suggests ineffective PhAC accumulation in earthworms, highlights the influence of biochar on PhAC degradation rates in soil, and suggests that uptake can occur through both earthworm skin and oral ingestion.
- Klíčová slova
- Biochar, Earthworms, MALDI-MS, Mass spectrometry, Pharmaceutical uptake, QuEChERS, Liquid chromatography, Soil pollution,
- MeSH
- biologická dostupnost MeSH
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * chemie MeSH
- kapalinová chromatografie-hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- léčivé přípravky metabolismus MeSH
- Oligochaeta * MeSH
- půda * chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- biochar MeSH Prohlížeč
- dřevěné a živočišné uhlí * MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * MeSH
- léčivé přípravky MeSH
- půda * MeSH
