OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to analyze the cases of peripartum hysterectomy associated with morbidly adherent placenta in the Slovak Republic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of morbidly adherent placenta managed by peripartum hysterectomy in the Slovak Republic between January 2012 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data were obtained from the standardized anonymous questionnaires. RESULTS: The incidence of morbidly adherent placenta was 0.39 per 1,000 births. A total of 151 (89.9%) women with morbidly adherent placenta were managed by peripartum hysterectomy (38.0% of all peripartum hysterectomies). Placenta accreta, increta and percreta were present in 56.3%, 28.5% and 15.2%, respectively. Placenta previa was present in 60 (39.7%) cases. Up to 112 (74.2%) cases of morbidly adherent placenta were diagnosed at the time of delivery. Hysterectomy was preceded by unsuccessful uterus-saving procedure in 23 (15.2%) of cases. The median of estimated blood loss was 1,500 mL. A packed red blood cells transfusion was used in 138 (91.4%), fresh frozen plasma in 118 (78.2%), fibrinogen concentrate in 39 (25.8%) and tranexamic acid in 25 (16.6%) women. A total of 58 (38.4%) women required admission to an intensive care unit. The mortality rate was 1.3%. CONCLUSION: In recent years, there was an increase in the incidence of morbidly adherent placenta, peripartum hysterectomy in the Slovak Republic, along with an increase in caesarean section rates, too. Case analysis highlights the need to improve the prenatal diagnosis and management of morbidly adherent placenta.

• Klíčová slova
• caesarean section, cesarean section, eclampsia, morbidly adherent placenta, peripartum hysterectomy, placenta praevia, severe peripartum haemorrhage,
• MeSH
• císařský řez škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hysterektomie * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peripartální období MeSH
• placenta accreta epidemiologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• placenta * patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• poporodní krvácení etiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of life-threatening maternal morbidities, the condition of which required subsequent treatment in Intensive Care Units (ICU) in the Slovak Republic in the years 2012-2020. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective analysis of 655 identified cases of mothers admitted to the intensive care units out of 436,136 births. The reasons for the transport were divided into nine categories: peripartum bleeding, hypertensive diseases, thromboembolism, cardiovascular diseases, sepsis/severe infections, metabolic diseases, complications of anaesthesiology, gastroenterological problems and others. RESULTS: The total incidence of admission to the intensive care units in the observed period was 1.5 per 1,000 births, but for mothers of Roma nationality it was 8.8 per 1,000 births. The average age of mothers was 30.7 years, while 29.7% were over 35 years old. Overweight and obesity was present by 70.4% of mothers. The most common reason for transport to the ICU (49.3%) was severe postpartum hemorrhage. The second most common cause (26.0%) was hypertensive diseases (preeclampsia, eclampsia and HELLP syndrome). The third most common cause (4.9%) was sepsis and severe maternal infections. The mortality rate of mothers admitted to the ICU was 2.3% and infant mortality of these mothers was 8.7%. CONCLUSION: The incidence of admission of mothers to the ICU in the monitored years was 1.5 per 1,000 births, which in international comparison ranks Slovakia among countries with a lower incidence.

• Klíčová slova
• mother admission to the intensive care unit, severe acute maternal morbidity,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• eklampsie * MeSH
• HELLP syndrom * MeSH
• hypertenze * MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of maternal morbidity in the Slovak Republic in the years 2012-2018. METHODS: The analysis of selected maternal morbidity data prospectively collected in the years 2012-2018 from all obstetric units in the Slovak Republic. RESULTS: In the years 2012-2018, incidence of severe peripartum bleeding was 2.17, peripartum hysterectomy was 0.89, maternal admission to intensive care units was 1.59, eclampsia was 0.21, HELLP syndrome was 0.73, abnormally invasive placentation was 0.37, uterine rupture was 0.68, severe sepsis in pregnancy and puerperium was 0.18 and nonfatal amniotic fluid embolism was 0.027 per 1,000 births. CONCLUSION: Incidence of total severe acute maternal morbidity in the Slovak Republic was 6.84 per 1,000 births. In Slovak local conditions, there is still room for reduction of severe acute maternal morbidity.

• Klíčová slova
• severe acute maternal morbidity – severe peripartum haemorrhage – peripartum hysterectomy – eclampsia – HELLP syndrome – abnormally invasive placentation – uterine rupture – sepsis – amniotic fluid embolism – sepsis,
• MeSH
• eklampsie * epidemiologie   MeSH
• embolie plodovou vodou * MeSH
• hysterektomie MeSH
• komplikace těhotenství * epidemiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poporodní krvácení * epidemiologie   MeSH
• ruptura dělohy * epidemiologie   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of caesarean section, vaginal instrumental deliveries and severe perineal morbidity in the Slovak Republic in the years 2007-2018. METHODS: The analysis of prospectively collected caesarean section and vaginal instrumental delivery data in the years 2007-2018, and episiotomies and severe perineal morbidity data in the years 2008-2018 from obstetrics hospitals in the Slovak Republic. RESULTS: Caesarean section rate progressively increased from 24.1% in 2007 up to 30.8% in 2013 and decreased to 29.6% in 2018. Vacuum-extraction frequency was 1.3% in 2007 and increased up to 2.0% till 2018. Forceps frequency decreased since 2008-2018 from 0.56% to 0.43%. In the years 2008-2018, frequency of perineal tears of the 3rd and 4th degree increased from 0.4% to 0.8%. Frequency of episiotomies decreased in the years 2008-2018 from 74.7% to 47.7%. CONCLUSION: The highest caesarean section rate in the Slovak Republic - 30.8% occurred in 2013, but slowly decreased in the following years. The frequency of vacuum extraction increased and forceps decreased. Frequency of episiotomies had decreased and severe perineal tears held an increasing trend.

• Klíčová slova
• 3rd and 4th degree perineal tears, caesarean section, cesarean section, episiotomy, forceps, forceps delivery, vacuum extraction, vacuumextraction,
• MeSH
• císařský řez * MeSH
• epiziotomie MeSH
• lacerace * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• morbidita MeSH
• perineum zranění   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• vakuová extrakce porodnická škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika epidemiologie   MeSH

This study investigated 960 Slovak and Czech spotted cattle from four different conventional (non-organic) dairy herds located in Eastern Slovakia and Czechia during early lactation (14-100 days after calving). Dairy cows were examined clinically; milk from fore-stripping of each udder quarter was subjected to sensory examination and assessed by the California mastitis test (CMT), and laboratory analyses of bacterial pathogens in milk, including virulence factors, were conducted. Positive CMT scores (1-3) for one or more quarters were detected in 271 (28.2%) of the examined animals. Out of 230 infected milk samples, representing 24.0% of all dairy cows, staphylococci (59.1% of positive findings) were the most commonly isolated organisms, followed by E. coli (11.3%), streptococci Str. uberis (9.1%) and Str. agalactiae (3.4%), and enterococci (6.1%). From 136 isolates of S. aureus (38 isolates) and non-aureus staphylococci (NAS; 98 isolates), virulence factors and their resistance to 14 antimicrobials were detected using the disk diffusion method, with PCR detection of the methicillin resistance gene, mecA. An increased incidence of clinical and chronic forms of mastitis has been reported in mastitic cows in which staphylococci, especially S. aureus and NAS (S. chromogenes, S. warneri, and S. xylosus), have been detected and compared to other isolated udder pathogens. From those species, S. aureus and isolates of NAS mentioned above showed multiple virulence factors that are more likely to hydrolyze DNA, hemolysis, produce gelatinase and biofilm, and have multi-drug resistance as compared to other less virulent staphylococci. Generally, the isolated staphylococci showed 77.2% resistance to one or more antimicrobials, in particular to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, macrolides, or cephalosporins. Isolates that showed the ability to form a biofilm were more resistant to more than one antimicrobial than isolates without biofilm production. Multi-drug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes was recorded in 16 isolates (11.7%), and the presence of the mecA gene was also confirmed in two isolates of S. aureus and two species of NAS.

• Klíčová slova
• antibiotics, biofilm, early lactation, mastitis, methicillin resistance gene, non-aureus staphylococci,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be found it both occupational and non-occupational environments. This study focuses on its sources and health effects of its exposure. METHODS: Adverse effects of acrylamide, especially carcinogenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic were reported in many studies conducted on animals. Neurotoxicity was reported in workers exposed to acrylamide in the occupational environment. Another important source of populations' exposure to acrylamide is their nutrition. RESULTS: This study focuses on humans' exposure to acrylamide from various sources and its harmful effects on their health. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake of acrylamide, as well as occupational exposure, cigarette smoking, cosmetics usage and other environmental sources could have a significant effect on human health.

• Klíčová slova
• acrylamide, carcinogen, neurotoxin, occupational exposure, polyacrylamide,
• MeSH
• akrylamid * toxicita   MeSH
• karcinogeny toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční stav účinky léků   MeSH
• poškození DNA účinky léků   MeSH
• pracovní expozice * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• akrylamid * MeSH
• karcinogeny MeSH