Much of the American Arctic was first settled 5,000 years ago, by groups of people known as Palaeo-Eskimos. They were subsequently joined and largely displaced around 1,000 years ago by ancestors of the present-day Inuit and Yup'ik1-3. The genetic relationship between Palaeo-Eskimos and Native American, Inuit, Yup'ik and Aleut populations remains uncertain4-6. Here we present genomic data for 48 ancient individuals from Chukotka, East Siberia, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic. We co-analyse these data with data from present-day Alaskan Iñupiat and West Siberian populations and published genomes. Using methods based on rare-allele and haplotype sharing, as well as established techniques4,7-9, we show that Palaeo-Eskimo-related ancestry is ubiquitous among people who speak Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut languages. We develop a comprehensive model for the Holocene peopling events of Chukotka and North America, and show that Na-Dene-speaking peoples, people of the Aleutian Islands, and Yup'ik and Inuit across the Arctic region all share ancestry from a single Palaeo-Eskimo-related Siberian source.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie * MeSH
• genom lidský genetika   MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• Inuité klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva dějiny   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afrika MeSH
• Aljaška MeSH
• Arktida MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• jihovýchodní Asie MeSH
• Kanada MeSH
• Sibiř etnologie   MeSH

INTRODUCTION: This study examined how perceived racial privilege and perceived racial discrimination in health care varied with race and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: The sample consisted of white, black, and Native American respondents to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2005-2013) who had sought health care in the past 12 months. Multiple logistic regression models of perceived racial privilege and perceived discrimination were estimated. Analyses were performed in 2016. RESULTS: Perceptions of racial privilege were less common among blacks and Native Americans compared with whites, while perceptions of racial discrimination were more common among these minorities. In whites, higher income and education contributed to increased perceptions of privileged treatment and decreased perceptions of discrimination. The pattern was reversed in blacks, who reported more discrimination and less privilege at higher income and education levels. Across racial groups, respondents who reported foregone medical care due to cost had higher risk of perceived racial discrimination. Health insurance contributed to less perceived racial discrimination and more perceived privilege only among whites. CONCLUSIONS: SES is an important social determinant of perceived privilege and perceived discrimination in health care, but its role varies by indicator and racial group. Whites with low education or no health insurance, well-educated blacks, and individuals who face cost-related barriers to care are at increased risk of perceived discrimination. Policies and interventions to reduce these perceptions should target structural and systemic factors, including society-wide inequalities in income, education, and healthcare access, and should be tailored to account for racially specific healthcare experiences.

• MeSH
• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System MeSH
• běloši psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• černoši nebo Afroameričané psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• diskriminace (psychologie) * MeSH
• disparity zdravotní péče statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• dostupnost zdravotnických služeb etika   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• menšiny psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• percepce * MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• rasismus psychologie   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené státy americké etnologie   MeSH

The Kets, an ethnic group in the Yenisei River basin, Russia, are considered the last nomadic hunter-gatherers of Siberia, and Ket language has no transparent affiliation with any language family. We investigated connections between the Kets and Siberian and North American populations, with emphasis on the Mal'ta and Paleo-Eskimo ancient genomes, using original data from 46 unrelated samples of Kets and 42 samples of their neighboring ethnic groups (Uralic-speaking Nganasans, Enets, and Selkups). We genotyped over 130,000 autosomal SNPs, identified mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplogroups, and performed high-coverage genome sequencing of two Ket individuals. We established that Nganasans, Kets, Selkups, and Yukaghirs form a cluster of populations most closely related to Paleo-Eskimos in Siberia (not considering indigenous populations of Chukotka and Kamchatka). Kets are closely related to modern Selkups and to some Bronze and Iron Age populations of the Altai region, with all these groups sharing a high degree of Mal'ta ancestry. Implications of these findings for the linguistic hypothesis uniting Ket and Na-Dene languages into a language macrofamily are discussed.

• MeSH
• etnicita genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom lidský * MeSH
• haplotypy MeSH
• Inuité genetika   MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lidský chromozom Y MeSH
• migrace lidstva MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Sibiř MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH

PCBs are a family of 209 chemical compounds, each of which consists of two benzene rings and 1 to 10 chlorine atoms. Their long-term stability and dispersion into the environment and the food chain have caused concern about their impact on humans and the environment. Native American communities are believed to be at particularly high risk of such exposure since they typically are more dependent than other populations on local fish and game as a food source. We have evidence for a significant excess in incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism among Mohawks, particularly older women, as compared to other populations. The goal of the current project is to compare serum PCB concentrations to indicators of thyroid function in controls and patients with demonstrated thyroid dysfunction. Studies on experimental animals (rats) have shown significant depression of circulating levels of T4 and moderate reductions in levels of T3 after exposure to PCBs. We are conducting a retrospective observational case-control study. The participants are Mohawk women 30 years of age and older. Controls are participants in an ongoing environmental epidemiology study, whose thyroid hormone tests show a normal function. Our study aims to investigate the association between long-term exposure to PCBs and acquired hypothyroidism, to identify the critical exposure routes and to develop and apply toxic equivalents for thyroid disease for the various PCB congeners. PCB exposure is assessed by ultra-trace, congener-specific determination in blood specimen using GC/ECD. The study is currently ongoing. We have analyzed 46 samples of cases and 75 samples of controls.

• MeSH
• chromatografie plynová MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hypotyreóza chemicky indukované   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly škodlivé účinky   krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• polychlorované bifenyly MeSH

• MeSH
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• etnicita výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky * výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky * výchova   etnologie   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• kolonialismus dějiny   MeSH
• křesťanství * dějiny   psychologie   MeSH
• kulturní antropologie * výchova   dějiny   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• misie * ekonomika   dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• vztahy mezi rasami * dějiny   zákonodárství a právo   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny 16. století MeSH
• dějiny 17. století MeSH
• dějiny 18. století MeSH
• dějiny 19. století MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• historické články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Jižní Amerika etnologie   MeSH
• Severní Amerika etnologie   MeSH

• MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky MeSH
• tradiční lékařství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Asijci MeSH
• běloši MeSH
• černoši nebo Afroameričané MeSH
• indiáni Jižní Ameriky MeSH
• indiáni Severní Ameriky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• psoriáza epidemiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH