The Deltaretrovirus genus of retroviruses (family Retroviridae) includes the human T cell leukemia viruses and bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Relatively little is known about the biology and evolution of these viruses, because only a few species have been identified and the genomic 'fossil record' is relatively sparse. Here, we report the discovery of multiple novel endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) derived from ancestral deltaretroviruses. These sequences-two of which contain complete or near complete internal coding regions-reside in genomes of several distinct mammalian orders, including bats, carnivores, cetaceans, and insectivores. We demonstrate that two of these ERVs contain unambiguous homologs of the tax gene, indicating that complex gene regulation has ancient origins within the Deltaretrovirus genus. ERVs demonstrate that the host range of the deltaretrovirus genus is much more extensive than suggested by the relatively small number of exogenous deltaretroviruses described so far, and allow the evolutionary timeline of deltaretrovirus-mammal interaction to be more accurately calibrated.

• Klíčová slova
• BLV, Deltaretrovirus, Endogenous retrovirus, Evolution, HTLV, Leukemia, PTLV, Paleovirology, Retrovirus,
• MeSH
• Deltaretrovirus genetika   MeSH
• endogenní retroviry genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• genom virový MeSH
• geny pX MeSH
• hostitelská specificita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• molekulární evoluce * MeSH
• paleontologie MeSH
• savci virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. The ERVs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. The cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. Thousands of insertionally polymorphic CrERV integration sites have been detected in wild ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) host populations. Here, we describe for the first time induction of replication competent CrERV by cocultivation of deer and human cells. We characterize the physical properties and tropism of the induced virus. The genomic sequence of the induced virus is phylogenetically related to the evolutionarily young endogenous CrERVs described so far. We also describe the level of replication block of CrERV on deer cells and its capacity to establish superinfection interference.

• Klíčová slova
• Endogenous retrovirus, Retrovirus interference, Xenotropism,
• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• endogenní retroviry klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• epitelové buňky ultrastruktura   virologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• Gammaretrovirus klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• genom virový * MeSH
• HEK293 buňky MeSH
• kokultivační techniky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• replikace viru MeSH
• virion genetika   izolace a purifikace   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• vysoká zvěř virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH