Monitoring of body burden of toxic elements is usually based on analysis of concentration of particular elements in blood, urine and/or hair. Analysis of these matrices, however, predominantly reflects short- or medium-term exposure to trace elements or pollutants. In this work, urinary stones were investigated as a matrix for monitoring long-term exposure to toxic and essential elements. A total of 431 samples of urinary calculi were subjected to mineralogical and elemental analysis by infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The effect of mineralogical composition of the stones and other parameters such as sex, age and geographical location on contents of trace and minor elements is presented. Our results demonstrate the applicability of such approach and confirm that the analysis of urinary calculi can be helpful in providing complementary information on human exposure to trace metals and their excretion. Analysis of whewellite stones (calcium oxalate monohydrate) with content of phosphorus <0.6 % has been proved to be a promising tool for biomonitoring of trace and minor elements.

• Klíčová slova
• Biomonitoring, Exposure, Trace elements, Urinary stones, Urolithiasis,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• šťavelan vápenatý analýza   MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• šťavelan vápenatý MeSH
• stopové prvky MeSH
• whewellite MeSH Prohlížeč

The role of metals in urinary stone formation has already been studied in several publications. Moreover, urinary calculi can also be used for assessing exposure of humans to minor and trace elements in addition to other biological matrices, for example, blood, urine, or hair. However, using urinary calculi for biomonitoring of trace elements is limited by the association of elements with certain types of minerals. In this work, 614 samples of urinary calculi were subjected to mineralogical and elemental analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermo-oxidation cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry were used for the determination of major, minor, and trace elements. Infrared spectroscopy was used for mineralogical analysis, and additionally, it was also employed in the calculation of mineralogical composition, based on quantification of major elements and stoichiometry. Results demonstrate the applicability of such an approach in investigating associations of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of stones, especially in low concentrations, where traditional methods of mineralogical analysis are not capable of quantifying mineral content reliably. The main result of this study is the confirmation of association of several elements with struvite (K, Rb) and with calcium phosphate minerals, here calculated as hydroxylapatite (Na, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb). Phosphates were proved as the most important metal-bearing minerals in urinary calculi. Moreover, a significantly different content was also observed for Fe, Zr, Mo, Cu, Cd, Se, Sn, and Hg in investigated groups of minerals. Examination of such associations is essential, and critical analysis of mineral constituents should precede any comparison of element content among various groups of samples.

• MeSH
• fosfáty analýza   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• kyselina močová analýza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• minerály analýza   MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   MeSH
• oxaláty analýza   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spektrofotometrie atomová MeSH
• stopové prvky analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfáty MeSH
• kyselina močová MeSH
• minerály MeSH
• oxaláty MeSH
• stopové prvky MeSH

The outcomes from the feasibility study on utilization of synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography (SR-μCT) to investigate the texture and the quantitative mineralogical composition of selected calcium oxalate-based urinary calculi fragments are presented. The comparison of the results obtained by SR-μCT analysis with those derived from current standard analytical approaches is provided. SR-μCT is proved as a potential effective technique for determination of texture, 3D microstructure, and composition of kidney stones.

• MeSH
• krystalizace MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   MeSH
• rentgenová mikrotomografie MeSH
• studie proveditelnosti MeSH
• synchrotrony MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Alkaptonuria is an autosomal recessive disease with late complications (arthritis and ochronosis). Excretion of alkapton (homogentisic acid) in the urine is due to congenital lack of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which mediates the essential step in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Urine excretion of homogentisic acid is very high, urine turns dark if allowed to stand or is alkalinized (a result of formation of polymerization products of alkapton). The presence of alkapton in urine has high lithogenic effect. We report 71 years old man suffering from alkaptonuria with present severe late complications. In this man black coloured urinary calculus was extracted from the urethra. This calculus was formed of organic amorphous part and crystallized part analyzed by X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy identifying weddelite and whitlockite (1:1), and trace amounts of carbonate apatite.

• MeSH
• alkaptonurie komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   etiologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To compare data on the epidemiology of canine urolithiasis in the Czech Republic with that from other countries. METHODS: The records from the Centre for Mineralogical Analysis from 1997 to 2002 were reviewed. The data were obtained from mineralogical analysis of 1366 canine uroliths obtained from patients in the Czech Republic. These included 396 females and 629 males. RESULTS: Sixty-eight breeds plus crossbreeds were identified. Eight breeds plus the crossbreeds accounted for 71.3 per cent of all cases. Males were affected more frequently than females (61.4 per cent versus 38.6 per cent). Struvites significantly predominated in females, while in males calcium oxalates, brushites and cystines were the most common stones. Most of the uroliths (48.9 per cent) were 5 mm or less in dimension. By 2001, struvite was the most frequent (38.5 to 44.1 per cent) urolith, followed by calcium oxalate (26.5 to 32.0 per cent). In 2002, calcium oxalate became the most frequent calculus, followed by struvite, mixed calculi and others. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Comparison of these results with studies by other authors showed that for most of the monitored parameters there was agreement with respect to the proportions of different breeds within the populations of dogs in different geographical areas.

• MeSH
• fosfáty analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   epidemiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci psů epidemiologie   MeSH
• psi MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• sloučeniny hořčíku analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• šťavelan vápenatý analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• struvit MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• psi MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fosfáty MeSH
• sloučeniny hořčíku MeSH
• šťavelan vápenatý MeSH
• struvit MeSH

Between 1978 and 1992 (mean 9.2 years), metaphylaxis was introduced to 110 patients originally hospitalized for recurrent urinary calcium stones (mostly bilateral or multiple). Patients with hyperparathyroidism or with sponge kidney were excluded from the study. Until 1984, the condition had been treated mostly using conventional drug metaphylaxis (thiazides and allopurinol in 75% and 57%, respectively). After that year, there was a gradual decrease in the number of patients treated with thiazides (to 15%) and allopurinol (to 10%). This was associated with a steep rise in the proportion of patients treated with inhibitors (magnesium to 36% and citrates to 30%), or exclusively with non-medicamentous therapy (to 31%). These fundamental changes in approach have not reduced the effectiveness of metaphylaxis, and recurrence rates in individual years have not changed significantly either. Metaphylaxis was successful in 105 patients (95%) and the rate of recurrence has declined from 0.9 to 0.08 stones per year. The restriction of conventional drug metaphylaxis has entailed a marked decrease in the incidence of side effects of therapy and, consequently, a reduced need for follow-up tests and outpatient follow-up.

• MeSH
• alopurinol terapeutické užití   MeSH
• benzothiadiaziny * MeSH
• citráty terapeutické užití   MeSH
• diuretika MeSH
• hořčík terapeutické užití   MeSH
• indukce remise MeSH
• inhibitory symportérů pro chlorid sodný terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná farmakoterapie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   dietoterapie   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• vápník MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alopurinol MeSH
• benzothiadiaziny * MeSH
• citráty MeSH
• diuretika MeSH
• hořčík MeSH
• inhibitory symportérů pro chlorid sodný MeSH
• vápník MeSH

Analysis of urinary concrements has a very important place in clinical biochemistry departments, as it is one of the basic prerequisites for effective causal therapy and prophylaxis of nephrolithiasis. Qualitative chemical reactions, used most frequently, have shortcomings as regards the identification of components of calculi and do not provide a real idea on the composition of calculi (9). An accurate identification can be made only by physical methods, which, however, call for very expensive equipment. Clinical departments in Prague, Brno and Ostrava collaborate therefore with research institutes which possess the necessary equipment and where the analyses of calculi are made. Because the majority of clinical biochemical departments have limited access to modern infrared computer controlled spectrometers, this form of collaboration was used also in the authors' department.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• močové kameny chemie   MeSH
• spektrofotometrie infračervená * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH