Insects, like other organisms, must deal with a wide variety of potentially challenging environmental factors during the course of their life. An important example of such a challenge is the phenomenon of oxidative stress. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) as principal stress responsive hormones in insects involved in activation of anti-oxidative stress response pathways. Emphasis is placed on an analysis of oxidative stress experimentally induced by various stressors and monitored by suitable biomarkers, and on detailed characterization of AKH's role in the anti-stress reactions. These reactions are characterized by a significant increase of AKH levels in the insect body, and by effective reversal of the markers-disturbed by the stressors-after co-application of the stressor with AKH. A plausible mechanism of AKH action in the anti-oxidative stress response is discussed as well: this probably involves simultaneous employment of both protein kinase C and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate pathways in the presence of extra and intra-cellular Ca(2+) stores, with the possible involvement of the FoxO transcription factors. The role of other insect hormones in the anti-oxidative defense reactions is also discussed.

• Klíčová slova
• AKH gene, FoxO, adipokinetic hormones (AKH), anti-oxidative mechanisms, free radicals, insect endocrine system, insecticide, oxidative stress, signaling pathway,
• MeSH
• hmyz metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyzí hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• oligopeptidy metabolismus   MeSH
• oxidační stres * MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokinetic hormone MeSH Prohlížeč
• hmyzí hormony MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
• oligopeptidy MeSH

Circadian rhythms are found in almost all organisms from cyanobacteria to humans, where most behavioral and physiological processes occur over a period of approximately 24 h in tandem with the day/night cycles. In general, these rhythmic processes are under regulation of circadian clocks. The role of circadian clocks in regulating metabolism and consequently cellular and metabolic homeostasis is an intensively investigated area of research. However, the links between circadian clocks and aging are correlative and only recently being investigated. A physiological decline in most processes is associated with advancing age, and occurs at the onset of maturity and in some instances is the result of accumulation of cellular damage beyond a critical level. A fully functional circadian clock would be vital to timing events in general metabolism, thus contributing to metabolic health and to ensure an increased "health-span" during the process of aging. Here, we present recent evidence of links between clocks, cellular metabolism, aging and oxidative stress (one of the causative factors of aging). In the light of these data, we arrive at conceptual generalizations of this relationship across the spectrum of model organisms from fruit flies to mammals.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The differences in the metabolism and endocrine control of reserve mobilization in long-winged (macropterous) and short-winged (brachypterous) males of a flightless firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) were studied. We found that protein content in the gut was significantly lower in 5-10 day-old macropterous males due to their fasting and higher in 28 day-old ones than in the same aged brachypterous counterparts as the result of renewed food intake. Overall protease activity was significantly lower in 10-14 day-old macropters, while an abrupt increase in the activity starting on day 21 after adult ecdysis was also associated with renewal of the food intake. The levels of carbohydrates in haemolymph were only slightly lower in 1-10 day-old macropterous males than in the same aged brachypters. However, more than twofold higher lipid content in haemolymph of 7-10 day-old macropterous males than in the same aged brachypterous males was found. Higher mobilization of lipid reserves from the fat bodies in macropterous males was accompanied by more intensive adipokinetic response and higher levels of adipokinetic hormone in the body. It is the first report of endocrine regulation of wing morph-related differences in the lipid mobilization in males of wing-polymorphic insects.

• MeSH
• centrální nervový systém chemie   MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• glykogen metabolismus   MeSH
• hemolymfa chemie   MeSH
• Heteroptera anatomie a histologie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• hmyzí hormony metabolismus   MeSH
• křídla zvířecí abnormality   anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová analogy a deriváty   metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů MeSH
• mobilizace lipidů fyziologie   MeSH
• oligopeptidy metabolismus   MeSH
• přijímání potravy MeSH
• proteasy metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• střeva anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• střevní sliznice metabolismus   MeSH
• tukové těleso metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adipokinetic hormone MeSH Prohlížeč
• glykogen MeSH
• hmyzí hormony MeSH
• kyselina pyrrolidonkarboxylová MeSH
• oligopeptidy MeSH
• proteasy MeSH
• proteiny MeSH