OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships of prenatal and childhood smoke exposure with specific neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems during early childhood. STUDY DESIGN: A subsample (n = 386) of mother-child dyads from the Newborn Epigenetic Study (NEST) prebirth cohort participated in the study. Cotinine concentrations were used to objectively measure prenatal and childhood smoke exposure when youth were aged 3-13 years. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations of prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations with performance on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral symptoms, measured using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2). RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, childhood cotinine concentrations were associated with poorer cognitive performance on tasks measuring cognitive flexibility (B = -1.29; P = .03), episodic memory (B = -0.97; P = .02), receptive language development (B = -0.58; P = .01), and inhibitory control and attention (B = -1.59; P = .006). Although childhood cotinine concentration was associated with higher levels of attention problems (B = 0.83; P = .004) on the BASC-2, after adjustment for confounders, the association is nonsignificant. Although associations for maternal cotinine concentrations were null, an interaction was detected between prenatal and childhood cotinine concentrations on the NIH Toolbox Picture Vocabulary Task (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that childhood tobacco smoke exposure may lead to poorer attention regulation and language acquisition, complex visual processing ability, and attention problems.

• Klíčová slova
• attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, cotinine, neurodevelopment, tobacco,
• MeSH
• hyperkinetická porucha * etiologie   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kotinin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kotinin MeSH
• znečištění tabákovým kouřem * MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To compare the morbidity of 66 Roma and 466 non-Roma children born and living in a diffused type of habitation in the district of Teplice. METHODS: For each child, a complete list of illnesses that pediatricians recorded using ICD-10 codes for all physician visits and/or hospitalizations was obtained. RESULTS: At the age 0-2 years the Roma/non-Roma rate ratios (RR) of the incidence of influenza (RR 1.6), otitis media (RR 2.3), intestinal infectious diseases (RR 1.7) and viral illnesses (RR 6.3) were statistically associated with ethnicity. The higher incidence of bronchitis (RR 1.7) and pneumonia (RR 2.2) in the Roma children was associated with the low education of mothers and not with ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: At the age of 0-2 years the incidence of influenza, otitis media, intestinal infectious diseases and of viral diseases was significantly higher in Roma than in non-Roma children and was not associated with education of mothers. There was no increase in the morbidity of Roma children over the non-Roma children at the age of 2-6 years. The prevalence of allergies in Roma children was extremely low.

• MeSH
• disparity zdravotního stavu * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• infekční nemoci epidemiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Romové * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

Effects of air pollution on morbidity and mortality may be mediated by alterations in immune competence. In this study we examined short-term associations of air pollution exposures with lymphocyte immunophenotypes in cord blood among 1,397 deliveries in two districts of the Czech Republic. We measured fine particulate matter < 2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5) and 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 24-hr samples collected by versatile air pollution samplers. Cord blood samples were analyzed using a FACSort flow cytometer to determine phenotypes of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and their subsets CD4+ and CD8+, CD19+ B-lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. The mothers were interviewed regarding sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, and medical records were abstracted for obstetric, labor and delivery characteristics. During the period 1994 to 1998, the mean daily ambient concentration of PM2.5 was 24.8 microg/m3 and that of PAHs was 63.5 ng/m3. In multiple linear regression models adjusted for temperature, season, and other covariates, average PAH or PM2.5 levels during the 14 days before birth were associated with decreases in T-lymphocyte phenotype fractions (i.e., CD3+ CD4+, and CD8+), and a clear increase in the B-lymphocyte (CD19+) fraction. For a 100-ng/m3 increase in PAHs, which represented approximately two standard deviations, the percentage decrease was -3.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), -5.6 to -1.0%] for CD3+, -3.1% (95% CI, -4.9 to -1.3%) for CD4+, and -1.0% (95% CI, -1.8 to -0.2%) for CD8+ cells. The corresponding increase in the CD19+ cell proportion was 1.7% (95% CI, 0.4 to 3.0%). Associations were similar but slightly weaker for PM2.5. Ambient air pollution may influence the relative distribution of lymphocyte immunophenotypes of the fetus.

• MeSH
• fetální krev cytologie   MeSH
• imunofenotypizace MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfocyty cytologie   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polycyklické sloučeniny toxicita   MeSH
• vystavení vlivu životního prostředí MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• polycyklické sloučeniny MeSH