Hyalomma marginatum is a prominent tick vector responsible for transmitting various pathogens, including the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), across Europe. This systematic review consolidates findings from 144 publications regarding the geographical distribution of H. marginatum and its associated pathogens. Significant populations have been identified primarily in Southern Europe and Balkan Peninsula, indicating a concerning trend. Additionally, climate change and migratory bird movements may facilitate its further dispersal, potentially leading to the establishment of H. marginatum in transalpine regions. Consequently, robust monitoring and surveillance strategies are essential to mitigate the public health and livestock threats posed by Hyalomma-borne diseases. Raising awareness and implementing preventive measures will be crucial in addressing the challenges associated with this tick vector.

• Klíčová slova
• Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hyalomma marginatum, Rickettsia, migratory birds, surveillance, tick distribution,
• MeSH
• arachnida jako vektory * virologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Ixodidae * virologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recently, Balkan virus (BALKV, family Phenuiviridae, genus Phlebovirus) was discovered in sand flies collected in Albania and genetically characterised as a member of the Sandfly fever Naples species complex. To gain knowledge concerning the geographical area where exposure to BALKV exists, entomological surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015, in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia and Serbia. RESULTS: A total of 2830 sand flies were trapped during 2014 and 2015 campaigns, and organised as 263 pools. BALKV RNA was detected in four pools from Croatia and in one pool from BH. Phylogenetic relationships were examined using sequences in the S and L RNA segments. Study of the diversity between BALKV sequences from Albania, Croatia and BH showed that Albanian sequences were the most divergent (9-11% [NP]) from the others and that Croatian and BH sequences were grouped (0.9-5.4% [NP]; 0.7-5% [L]). The sand fly infection rate of BALKV was 0.26% in BH and 0.27% in Croatia. Identification of the species content of pools using cox1 and cytb partial regions showed that the five BALKV positive pools contained Phlebotomus neglectus DNA; in four pools, P neglectus was the unique species, whereas P. tobbi DNA was also detected in one pool. CONCLUSIONS: We report here (i) the first direct evidence that the Balkan virus initially described in coastal Albania has a much wider dissemination area than originally believed, (ii) two real-time RT-PCR assays that may be useful for further screening of patients presenting with fever of unknown origin that may be caused by Balkan virus infection, (iii) entomological results suggesting that Balkan virus is likely transmitted by Phlebotomus neglectus, and possibly other sand fly species of the subgenus Larroussius. So far, BALKV has been detected only in sand flies. Whether BALKV can cause disease in humans is unknown and remains to be investigated.

• Klíčová slova
• Arbovirus, Bunyaviridae, Emergence, Fever, Meningitis, Phlebotomus, Phlebovirus, Phylogeny, Sand fly, Toscana virus,
• MeSH
• entomologie metody   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hmyz - vektory virologie   MeSH
• horečka neznámého původu diagnóza   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• horečka pappataci epidemiologie   přenos   virologie   MeSH
• kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Psychodidae virologie   MeSH
• RNA virová genetika   MeSH
• virus horečky pappataci genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Albánie epidemiologie   MeSH
• Balkánský poloostrov epidemiologie   MeSH
• Bosna a Hercegovina epidemiologie   MeSH
• Chorvatsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Srbsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA virová MeSH

West Nile virus causes sporadic cases and outbreaks of human and equine disease in Europe (western Mediterranean and southern Russia in 1962-64, Belarus and Ukraine in the 1970s and 1980s, Romania in 1996-97, Czechland in 1997, and Italy in 1998). Environmental factors, including human activities, that enhance population densities of vector mosquitoes (heavy rains followed by floods, irrigation, higher than usual temperature, or formation of ecologic niches that enable mass breeding of mosquitoes) could increase the incidence of West Nile fever.

• MeSH
• Culicidae MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby * MeSH
• hmyz - vektory MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• podnebí MeSH
• virus západního Nilu izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH