Hyalomma marginatum is a prominent tick vector responsible for transmitting various pathogens, including the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), across Europe. This systematic review consolidates findings from 144 publications regarding the geographical distribution of H. marginatum and its associated pathogens. Significant populations have been identified primarily in Southern Europe and Balkan Peninsula, indicating a concerning trend. Additionally, climate change and migratory bird movements may facilitate its further dispersal, potentially leading to the establishment of H. marginatum in transalpine regions. Consequently, robust monitoring and surveillance strategies are essential to mitigate the public health and livestock threats posed by Hyalomma-borne diseases. Raising awareness and implementing preventive measures will be crucial in addressing the challenges associated with this tick vector.

Center for Infectious Animal Diseases Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic

See more in PubMed

Magnarelli L. A. Global Importance of Ticks and Associated Infectious Disease Agents. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter . 2009;31(5):33–37. doi: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2009.02.001. DOI

Jongejan F., Uilenberg G. The Global Importance of Ticks. Parasitology . 2004;129(S1):S3–S14. doi: 10.1017/S0031182004005967. PubMed DOI

Sojka D. Biology of Ticks. European Journal of Entomology . 2015;112(3) doi: 10.14411/eje.2015.069.564 DOI

Mustafa M. L., Ayazi E., Mohareb E., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Afghanistan, 2009. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2011;17(10):1940–1941. doi: 10.3201/eid1710.110061. PubMed DOI PMC

Chinikar S., Ghiasi S. M., Moradi M., et al. Geographical Distribution and Surveillance of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2010;10(7):705–708. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0247. PubMed DOI

Sargianou M., Panos G., Tsatsaris A., Gogos C., Papa A. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Among Humans in Achaia, Western Greece. International Journal of Infectious Diseases . 2013;17(12):e1160–e1165. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.07.015. PubMed DOI

Hoogstraal H. The Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Journal of Medical Entomology . 1979;15(4):307–417. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307. PubMed DOI

Hoogstraal H., Kaiser M. N. Observations on Ticks (Ixodoidea) of Libya. Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 1960;53(4):445–457. doi: 10.1093/aesa/53.4.445. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84385137 . DOI

Pomerantzev B. I. Ticks (Family Ixodidae) of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. 1946;26 Keys to the Fauna of the USSR.

Pomerantsev B. I. Fauna of the USSR.: Arachnida. Vol. 4, No. 2. Ixodid Ticks (Ixodidae) Vol. 4. American Institute of Biological Sciences; 1959.

Enigk K., Grittner I. Zur Zucht Und Biologie der Zecken. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde . 1953;16(1):56–83. doi: 10.1007/BF00260410. PubMed DOI

Delpy L. P. Révision par des voies expérimentales du genre Hyalomma C. L. Koch 1844 (2e partie) Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée . 1949;24(1-2):97–109. doi: 10.1051/parasite/1949241097. PubMed DOI

Horak I. G., Camicas J.-L., Keirans J. E. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): A World List of Valid Tick Names. Experimental & Applied Acarology . 2002;28(1–4):27–54. doi: 10.1023/A:1025381712339. PubMed DOI

Apanaskevich D. A., Horak I. G. The Genus, Hyalomma, Koch, 1844: V. Re-Evaluation of the Taxonomic Rank of Taxa Comprising the H. (Euhyalomma) marginatum Koch Complex of Species (Acari: Ixodidae) With Redescription of All Parasitic Stages and Notes on Biology. International Journal of Acarology . 2008;34(1):13–42. doi: 10.1080/01647950808683704. DOI

Guglielmone A. A., Robbins R. G., Apanaskevich D. A., et al. The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida) of the World: A List of Valid Species Names. 2016;2528 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.196488. Zootaxa. DOI

ECDC. Hyalomma marginatum—Factsheet for Experts. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/tick-factsheets/hyalomma-marginatum .

Ergönül Ö. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever. The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 2006;6(4):203–214. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70435-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Bente D. A., Forrester N. L., Watts D. M., McAuley A. J., Whitehouse C. A., Bray M. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: History, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Syndrome and Genetic Diversity. Antiviral Research . 2013;100(1):159–189. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.006. PubMed DOI

Yilmaz G. R., Buzgan T., Irmak H., et al. The Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Turkey, 2002–2007. International Journal of Infectious Diseases . 2009;13(3):380–386. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.07.021. PubMed DOI

Bakheit M. A., Latif A. A., Vatansever Z., Seitzer U., Ahmed J. Arthopods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases . Vol. 3. Springer; 2012. The Huge Risks Due to Hyalomma Ticks; pp. 167–194. DOI

Tirosh-Levy S., Mazuz M. L., Savitsky I., Pinkas D., Gottlieb Y., Steinman A. Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Babesia caballi in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel. Pathogens . 2021;10(4) doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040445.445 PubMed DOI PMC

EFSA. Scientific Opinion on the Role of Tick Vectors in the Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever and African Swine Fever in Eurasia. EFSA Journal . 2010;8(8) doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1703.1703 DOI

Palomar A. M., Portillo A., Mazuelas D., et al. Molecular Analysis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rickettsia in Hyalomma marginatum Ticks Removed From Patients (Spain) and Birds (Spain and Morocco), 2009–2015. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2016;7(5):983–987. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.004. PubMed DOI

Wallménius K., Barboutis C., Fransson T., et al. Spotted Fever Rickettsia Species in Hyalomma and Ixodes Ticks Infesting Migratory Birds in the European Mediterranean Area. Parasites & Vectors . 2014;7(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-318.318 PubMed DOI PMC

Pereira A., Parreira R., Cotão A. J., et al. Tick-Borne Bacteria and Protozoa Detected in Ticks Collected From Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Central and Southern Portugal. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2018;9(2):225–234. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.008. PubMed DOI

Grandi G., Chitimia-Dobler L., Choklikitumnuey P., et al. First Records of Adult Hyalomma Marginatum and H. rufipes Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2020;11(3) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101403.101403 PubMed DOI

Toma L., Mancini F., Di Luca M., et al. Detection of Microbial Agents in Ticks Collected From Migratory Birds in Central Italy. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2014;14(3):199–205. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1458. PubMed DOI PMC

Cicculli V., Oscar M., Casabianca F., et al. Molecular Detection of Spotted-Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks Collected From Domestic and Wild Animals in Corsica, France. Pathogens . 2019;8(3) doi: 10.3390/pathogens8030138.138 PubMed DOI PMC

Grech-Angelini S., Stachurski F., Vayssier-Taussat M., et al. Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected From Various Domestic and Wild Hosts in Corsica (France), a Mediterranean Island Environment. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases . 2020;67(2):745–757. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13393. PubMed DOI

Page M. J., McKenzie J. E., Bossuyt P. M., et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ . 2021;n71 doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.n71 PubMed DOI PMC

Duscher G. G., Hodžić A., Hufnagl P., et al. Adult Hyalomma marginatum Tick Positive for Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Austria. Eurosurveillance . 2018;23(48) doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.48.1800595. PubMed DOI PMC

Lesiczka P. M., Daněk O., Modrý D., Hrazdilová K., Votýpka J., Zurek L. A New Report of Adult Hyalomma marginatum and Hyalomma rufipes in the Czech Republic. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(2) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101894.101894 PubMed DOI

Sormunen J. J., Klemola T., Vesterinen E. J. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Migrating and Local Breeding Birds in Finland. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2022;86(1):145–156. doi: 10.1007/s10493-021-00679-3. PubMed DOI PMC

Oehme R., Bestehorn M., Wölfel S., Chitimia-Dobler L. Hyalomma marginatum in Tübingen, Germany. Systematic and Applied Acarology . 2017;22(1) doi: 10.11158/saa.22.1.1.1 DOI

Rumer L., Graser E., Hillebrand T., et al. Rickettsia aeschlimannii in, Hyalomma marginatum, Ticks, Germany. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2011;17(2):325–326. doi: 10.3201/eid1702.100308. PubMed DOI PMC

Chitimia-Dobler L., Schaper S., Rieß R., et al. Imported Hyalomma Ticks in Germany in 2018. Parasites & Vectors . 2019;12(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3380-4.134 PubMed DOI PMC

Hornok S., Csörgő T., de la Fuente J., et al. Synanthropic Birds Associated With High Prevalence of Tick-Borne Rickettsiae and With the First Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hungary. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2013;13(2):77–83. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1032. PubMed DOI

Földvári G., Szabó É., Tóth G. E., et al. Emergence of Hyalomma marginatum and Hyalomma rufipes Adults Revealed by Citizen Science Tick Monitoring in Hungary. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases . 2022;69(5):e2240–e2248. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14563. PubMed DOI PMC

Uiterwijk M., Ibáñez-Justicia A., van de Vossenberg B., et al. Imported Hyalomma Ticks in the Netherlands 2018–2020. Parasites & Vectors . 2021;14(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04738-x.244 PubMed DOI PMC

Cuber P. Ticks (Ixodida) from the Collection of the Natural History Department, Museum of Upper Silesia in Bytom, Poland—A Contribution to Knowledge on Tick Fauna and the First Record of Hyalomma Marginatum Presence in Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine . 2016;23(2):379–381. doi: 10.5604/12321966.1203910. PubMed DOI

Nowak-Chmura M. A Biological/Medical Review of Alien Tick Species (Acari: Ixodida) Accidentally Transferred to Poland. Annals of Parasitology . 2014;60(1):49–59. PubMed

Jameson L. J., Medlock J. M. Tick Surveillance in Great Britain. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2011;11(4):403–412. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0079. PubMed DOI

Jameson L. J., Morgan P. J., Medlock J. M., Watola G., Vaux A. G. C. Importation of Hyalomma marginatum, Vector of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, into the United Kingdom by Migratory Birds. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2012;3(2):95–99. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.12.002. PubMed DOI

Mihalca A. D., Dumitrache M. O., Magdaş C., et al. Synopsis of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Romania With Update on Host Associations and Geographical Distribution. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2012;58(2):183–206. doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9566-5. PubMed DOI

Kolodziejek J., Marinov M., Kiss B. J., Alexe V., Nowotny N. The Complete Sequence of a West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Strain Detected in a, Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, Tick Collected From a Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) in Eastern Romania in 2013 Revealed Closest Genetic Relationship to Strain Volgograd 2007. PLoS ONE . 2014;9(10) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109905.e109905 PubMed DOI PMC

Hoffman T., Wilhelmsson P., Barboutis C., et al. A Divergent Anaplasma phagocytophilum Variant in an Ixodes Tick From a Migratory Bird; Mediterranean Basin. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology . 2020;10(1) doi: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1729653.1729653 PubMed DOI PMC

Omeragic J. Ixodid Ticks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2011;53(3):301–309. doi: 10.1007/s10493-010-9402-8. PubMed DOI

Papa A., Velo E., Kadiaj P., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected From Livestock in Albania. Infection, Genetics and Evolution . 2017;54:496–500. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.017. PubMed DOI

Sándor A. D., Kalmár Z., Matei I., Ionică A. M., Mărcuţan I.-D. Urban Breeding Corvids as Disseminators of Ticks and Emerging Tick-Borne Pathogens. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2017;17(2):152–154. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2054. PubMed DOI

Pavlidou V., Gerou S., Kahrimanidou M., Papa A. Ticks Infesting Domestic Animals in Northern Greece. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2008;45(3-4):195–198. doi: 10.1007/s10493-008-9167-5. PubMed DOI

Psaroulaki A., Ragiadakou D., Kouris G., Papadopoulos B., Chaniotis B., Tselentis Y. Tick-Borne Rickettsiae, and Coxiella burnetii in the Greek Island of Cephalonia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2006;1078(1):389–399. doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.077. PubMed DOI

Ionita M., Mitrea I. L., Pfister K., Hamel D., Silaghi C. Molecular Evidence for Bacterial and Protozoan Pathogens in Hard Ticks From Romania. Veterinary Parasitology . 2013;196(1-2):71–76. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.016. PubMed DOI

Chaligiannis I., Musella V., Rinaldi L., et al. Species Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Ixodid Ticks on Small Ruminants in Greece. Parasitology Research . 2016;115(12):4673–4680. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5259-z. PubMed DOI

Sherifi K., Rexhepi A., Berxholi K., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Ticks From Kosovo and Albania. Frontiers in Veterinary Science . 2018;5 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00038.38 PubMed DOI PMC

Gergova I., Kunchev M., Kamarinchev B. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Tick Survey in Endemic Areas in Bulgaria. Journal of Medical Virology . 2012;84(4):608–614. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23214. PubMed DOI

Dumitrache M. O., Kiss B., Dantas-Torres F., et al. Seasonal Dynamics of Rhipicephalus rossicus Attacking Domestic Dogs From the Steppic Region of Southeastern Romania. Parasites & Vectors . 2014;7(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-97.97 PubMed DOI PMC

Dumitrache M. O., Gherman C. M., Cozma V., et al. Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) in Romania: Surveillance, Host Associations, and Possible Risks for Tick-Borne Diseases. Parasitology Research . 2012;110(5):2067–2070. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2703-y. PubMed DOI

Sherifi K., Cadar D., Muji S., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Clades V and VI (Europe 1 and 2) in Ticks in Kosovo, 2012. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 2014;8(9) doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003168.e3168 PubMed DOI PMC

Fournier P.-E., Durand J.-P., Rolain J.-M., Camicas J.-L., Tolou H., Raoult D. Detection of Astrakhan Fever Rickettsia From Ticks in Kosovo. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2003;990(1):158–161. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07357.x. PubMed DOI

Mihalca A. D., Gherman C. M., Magdaş C., et al. Ixodes ricinus is the Dominant Questing Tick in Forest Habitats in Romania: The Results From a Countrywide Dragging Campaign. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2012;58(2):175–182. doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9568-3. PubMed DOI

Punda-Polic V., Petrovec M., Trilar T., et al. Detection and Identification of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks Collected in Southern Croatia. Experimental & Applied Acarology . 2002;28(1–4):169–176. doi: 10.1023/A:1025334113190. PubMed DOI

Sándor A. D., Milchev B., Takács N., Kontschán J., Szekeres S., Hornok S. Five Ixodid Tick Species Including Two Morphotypes of Rhipicephalus turanicus on Nestlings of Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) From South-Eastern Bulgaria. Parasites & Vectors . 2021;14(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04832-0.334 PubMed DOI PMC

Diakou A., Norte A. C., Lopes de Carvalho I., et al. Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Wild Birds in Greece. Parasitology Research . 2016;115(5):2011–2016. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-4943-3. PubMed DOI

Popa E., Teodorescu I. Ixodidae Species Distribution in Romania (1998–2004. Slov Veterinary Research . 2006;43:283–287.

Papadopoulos B., Morel P. C., Aeschlimann A. Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Macedonia Region of Greece. Veterinary Parasitology . 1996;63(1-2):25–40. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00877-2. PubMed DOI

Omeragić J., Šerić–Haračić S., Soldo D. K., Kapo N., Fejzić N., Škapur V. Distribution of Ticks in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(1) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101870.101870 PubMed DOI PMC

Krčmar S., Klobučar A., Vucelja M., et al. DNA Barcoding of Hard Ticks (Ixodidae), Notes on Distribution of Vector Species and New Faunal Record for Croatia. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(3) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101920.101920 PubMed DOI

Goletic T., Satrovic L., Softic A., et al. Serologic and Molecular Evidence for Circulation of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks and Cattle in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(5) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102004.102004 PubMed DOI

Molin Y., Lindeborg M., Nyström F., et al. Migratory Birds, Ticks, and Bartonella. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology . 2011;1(1) doi: 10.3402/iee.v1i0.5997.5997 PubMed DOI PMC

Cicculli V., Masse S., Capai L., Lamballerie X., Charrel R., Falchi A. First Detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Hyalomma marginatum Ticks Collected From Cattle in Corsica, France. Veterinary Medicine and Science . 2019;5(2):243–248. doi: 10.1002/vms3.140. PubMed DOI PMC

Vial L., Stachurski F., Leblond A., et al. Strong Evidence for the Presence of the Tick, Hyalomma marginatum, Koch, 1844 in Southern Continental France. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2016;7(6):1162–1167. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.002. PubMed DOI

Cicculli V., DeCarreaux D., Ayhan N., et al. Molecular Screening of Anaplasmataceae in Ticks Collected From Cattle in Corsica, France. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2020;81(4):561–574. doi: 10.1007/s10493-020-00527-w. PubMed DOI

Chastagner A., Bailly X., Leblond A., Pradier S., Vourc’h G. Single Genotype of, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Identified From Ticks, Camargue, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2013;19(5) doi: 10.3201/eid1905.121003.825 PubMed DOI PMC

Cicculli V., Capai L., Quilichini Y., et al. Molecular Investigation of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ixodid Ticks Infesting Domestic Animals (Cattle and Sheep) and Small Rodents (Black Rats) of Corsica, France. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2019;10(3):606–613. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.02.007. PubMed DOI

Dahmani M., Davoust B., Tahir D., Raoult D., Fenollar F., Mediannikov O. Molecular Investigation and Phylogeny of Anaplasmataceae Species Infecting Domestic Animals and Ticks in Corsica, France. Parasites & Vectors . 2017;10(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2233-2.302 PubMed DOI PMC

Grech-Angelini S., Stachurski F., Lancelot R., et al. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infesting Cattle and Some Other Domestic and Wild Hosts on the French Mediterranean Island of Corsica. Parasites & Vectors . 2016;9(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1876-8.582 PubMed DOI PMC

Cicculli V., Ayhan N., Luciani L., et al. Molecular Detection of Parapoxvirus in Ixodidae Ticks Collected From Cattle in Corsica, France. Veterinary Medicine and Science . 2022;8(2):907–916. doi: 10.1002/vms3.700. PubMed DOI PMC

Rocafort-Ferrer G., Leblond A., Joulié A., et al. Molecular Assessment of Theileria Equi and Babesia Caballi Prevalence in Horses and Ticks on Horses in Southeastern France. Parasitology Research . 2022;121(3):999–1008. doi: 10.1007/s00436-022-07441-7. PubMed DOI PMC

Defaye B., Moutailler S., Pietri C., et al. Molecular Detection of Zoonotic and Non-Zoonotic Pathogens From Wild Boars and Their Ticks in the Corsican Wetlands. Pathogens . 2021;10(12) doi: 10.3390/pathogens10121643.1643 PubMed DOI PMC

Maitre A., Wu-Chuang A., Mateos-Hernández L., et al. Rickettsial Pathogens Drive Microbiota Assembly in Hyalomma marginatum and Rhipicephalus bursa Ticks. Molecular Ecology . 2023;32(16):4660–4676. doi: 10.1111/mec.17058. PubMed DOI

Bah M. T., Grosbois V., Stachurski F., et al. The Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Tick Vector Hyalomma marginatum in the South of France: Modelling its Distribution and Determination of Factors Influencing its Establishment in a Newly Invaded Area. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases . 2022;69(5):e2351–e2365. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14578. PubMed DOI PMC

McGinley L., Hansford K. M., Cull B., et al. First Report of Human Exposure to Hyalomma Marginatum in England: Further Evidence of a Hyalomma Moulting Event in North-Western Europe? Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2021;12(1) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101541.101541 PubMed DOI

Kampen H., Poltz W., Hartelt K., Wölfel R., Faulde M. Detection of a Questing Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Adult Female (Acari, Ixodidae) in Southern Germany. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2007;43(3):227–231. doi: 10.1007/s10493-007-9113-y. PubMed DOI

Capek M., Literak I., Kocianova E., et al. Ticks of the Hyalomma marginatum Complex Transported by Migratory Birds into Central Europe. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2014;5(5):489–493. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.03.002. PubMed DOI

Földvári G., Rigó K., Jablonszky M., et al. Ticks and the City: Ectoparasites of the Northern White-Breasted Hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) in an Urban Park. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2011;2(4):231–234. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2011.09.001. PubMed DOI

Jaenson T. G. T., TäLleklint L., Lundqvist L., Olsen B., Chirico J., Mejlon H. Geographical Distribution, Host Associations, and Vector Roles of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae) in Sweden. Journal of Medical Entomology . 1994;31(2):240–256. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/31.2.240. PubMed DOI PMC

Morozov A., Tischenkov A., Silaghi C., et al. Prevalence of Bacterial and Protozoan Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Birds in the Republic of Moldova. Microorganisms . 2022;10(6) doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061111.1111 PubMed DOI PMC

Shpynov S., Rudakov N., Tohkov Y., et al. Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Hyalomma marginatum Ticks in Western Russia. Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 2009;15:315–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02256.x. PubMed DOI

Movila A., Alekseev A. N., Dubinina H. V., Toderas I. Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks From Migratory Birds in the Baltic Region of Russia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 2013;27(1):113–117. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01037.x. PubMed DOI

Akimov I., Nebogatkin I. Distribution of the Ixodid Tick Hyalomma marginatum (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) in Ukraine. Vestnik Zoologii . 2011;45(4):e-25–e-28. doi: 10.2478/v10058-011-0022-5. DOI

Norte A. C., de Carvalho I. L., Ramos J. A., Gonçalves M., Gern L., Núncio M. S. Diversity and Seasonal Patterns of Ticks Parasitizing Wild Birds in Western Portugal. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2012;58(3):327–339. doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9583-4. PubMed DOI

Santos-Silva M. M., Sousa R., Santos A. S., Melo P., Encarnação V., Bacellar F. Ticks Parasitizing Wild Birds in Portugal: Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2006;39(3-4):331–338. doi: 10.1007/s10493-006-9008-3. PubMed DOI

Milhano N., Carvalho I. L., Alves A. S., et al. Coinfections of Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia helvetica With Borrelia lusitaniae in Ticks Collected in a Safari Park, Porugal. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2010;1(4):172–177. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2010.09.003. PubMed DOI

Baptista S., Quaresma A., Aires T., et al. Lyme Borreliosis Spirochetes in Questing Ticks From Mainland Portugal. International Journal of Medical Microbiology Supplements . 2004;293:109–116. doi: 10.1016/S1433-1128(04)80016-0. PubMed DOI

Santos-Silva M. M., Beati L., Santos A. S., et al. The Hard-Tick Fauna of Mainland Portugal (Acari: Ixodidae): An Update on Geographical Distribution and Known Associations With Hosts and Pathogens. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2011;55(1):85–121. doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9440-x. PubMed DOI

Filipe A. R., Casals J. Isolation of Dhori Virus From, Hyalomma marginatum, Ticks in Portugal. Intervirology . 1979;11(2):124–127. doi: 10.1159/000149023. PubMed DOI

De Michelis S., Sewell H.-S., Collares-Pereira M., et al. Genetic Diversity of, Borrelia burgdorferi, Sensu Lato in Ticks From Mainland Portugal. Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 2000;38(6):2128–2133. doi: 10.1128/JCM.38.6.2128-2133.2000. PubMed DOI PMC

Hornok S., Cutajar B., Takács N., et al. On the Way Between Africa and Europe: Molecular Taxonomy of Ticks Collected From Birds in Malta. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(5) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102001.102001 PubMed DOI

Negredo A., Habela M. Á., Ramírez de Arellano E., et al. Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Enzootic Focus, Spain, 2011–2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2019;25(6):1177–1184. doi: 10.3201/eid2506.180877. PubMed DOI PMC

Fernández-Soto P., Encinas-Grandes A., Pérez-Sánchez R. Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Spain: Molecular Evidence in Hyalomma marginatum and Five Other Tick Species that Feed on Humans. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2003;9(7):889–890. doi: 10.3201/eid0907.030077. PubMed DOI PMC

Fernández-Soto P., Díaz Martín V., Pérez-Sánchez R., Encinas-Grandes A. Increased Prevalence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Castilla y León, Spain. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 2009;28(6):693–695. doi: 10.1007/s10096-008-0667-3. PubMed DOI

Fernandez-Soto P., Perez-Sanchez R., Alamo-Sanz R., Encinas-Grandes A. Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks Feeding on Humans in Northwestern Spain: Is, Rickettsia conorii, Vanishing? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2006;1078(1):331–333. doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.063. PubMed DOI

Palomar A. M., Portillo A., Santibáñez S., et al. Molecular (ticks) and Serological (humans) Study of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in the Iberian Peninsula, 2013–2015. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica . 2017;35(6):344–347. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.01.009. PubMed DOI

Ruiz-Fons F., Fernández-de-Mera I. G., Acevedo P., et al. Ixodid Ticks Parasitizing Iberian Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) From Spain: Geographical and Temporal Distribution. Veterinary Parasitology . 2006;140(1-2):133–142. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.033. PubMed DOI

Palomar A. M., Portillo A., Santibáñez P., et al. Detection of Tick-Borne Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma centrale in Spain. Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 2015;29(3):349–353. doi: 10.1111/mve.12124. PubMed DOI

Oteo J., Portillo A., Santibanez S., et al. Prevalence of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Species Detected in Ticks in La Rioja, Spain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2006;1078(1):320–323. doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.060. PubMed DOI

De La Fuente J., Vicente J., Hofle U., et al. Anaplasma Infection in Free-Ranging Iberian Red Deer in the Region of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Veterinary Microbiology . 2004;100(3-4):163–173. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.02.007. PubMed DOI

Castellà J., Estrada-Peña A., Almería S., Ferrer D., Gutiérrez J., Ortuño A. A Survey of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Dairy Cattle on the Island of Menorca in Spain. Experimental & Applied Acarology . 2001;25(10-11):899–908. doi: 10.1023/A:1020482017140. PubMed DOI

Estrada-Pena A., QUILez J., Sanchez Acedo C. Species Composition, Distribution, and Ecological Preferences of the Ticks of Grazing Sheep in North-Central Spain. Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 2004;18(2):123–133. doi: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00486.x. PubMed DOI

Ros-García A., García-Pérez A. L., Verdera J., Juste R. A., Hurtado A. Monitoring Piroplasms Infection in Three Cattle Farms in Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) With Previous History of Clinical Piroplamosis. Veterinary Parasitology . 2012;190(3-4):318–325. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.07.024. PubMed DOI

Toledo A., Olmeda A. S., Escudero R., et al. Tick-Borne Zoonotic Bacteria in Ticks Collected From Central Spain. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 2009;81(1):67–74. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.67. PubMed DOI

Mateos-Hernández L., Villar M., Moral A., et al. Tick-Host Conflict: Immunoglobulin E Antibodies to Tick Proteins in Patients With Anaphylaxis to Tick Bite. Oncotarget . 2017;8(13):20630–20644. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15243. PubMed DOI PMC

Vieira Lista M. C., Belhassen-García M., Vicente Santiago M. B., et al. Identification and Distribution of Human-Biting Ticks in Northwestern Spain. Insects . 2022;13(5) doi: 10.3390/insects13050469.469 PubMed DOI PMC

Chisu V., Foxi C., Masala G. First Molecular Detection of Francisella-Like Endosymbionts in Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus Tick Species Collected From Vertebrate Hosts From Sardinia Island, Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2019;79(2):245–254. doi: 10.1007/s10493-019-00427-8. PubMed DOI

Chisu V., Masala G., Foxi C., Socolovschi C., Raoult D., Parola P. Rickettsia conorii israelensis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus Ticks, Sardinia, Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2014;5(4):446–448. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.02.003. PubMed DOI

Grassi L., Franzo G., Martini M., et al. Ecotyping of Anaplasma phagocytophilum From Wild Ungulates and Ticks Shows Circulation of Zoonotic Strains in Northeastern Italy. Animals . 2021;11(2) doi: 10.3390/ani11020310.310 PubMed DOI PMC

Chisu V., Alberti A., Zobba R., Foxi C., Masala G. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Babesia and Theileria spp. in Ticks From Domestic and Wild Hosts in Sardinia. Acta Tropica . 2019;196:60–65. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.013. PubMed DOI

Mancini F., Vescio M. F., Toma L., et al. Detection of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks Collected in the Suburban Area of Monte Romano, Lazio Region, Central Italy. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanita . 2019;55(2):143–150. doi: 10.4415/ANN_19_02_06. PubMed DOI

Blanda V., Torina A., La Russa F., et al. A Retrospective Study of the Characterization of Rickettsia Species in Ticks Collected From Humans. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2017;8(4):610–614. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.04.005. PubMed DOI

Zanzani S. A., Pintore E., Olivieri E., et al. Ixodid Ticks on Wild Donkeys in a Mediterranean Nature Reserve (Asinara National Park): Diversity and Risk Factors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology . 2019;33(2):238–246. doi: 10.1111/mve.12355. PubMed DOI

Scarpulla M., Barlozzari G., Marcario A., et al. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks From Central Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2016;7(5):1052–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.06.003. PubMed DOI

Pascucci I., Di Domenico M., Capobianco Dondona G., et al. Assessing the Role of Migratory Birds in the Introduction of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens From African Countries: An Italian Experience. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2019;10(6) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101272.101272 PubMed DOI

Chisu V., Zobba R., Lecis R., et al. GroEL Typing and Phylogeny of Anaplasma Species in Ticks From Domestic and Wild Vertebrates. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2018;9(1):31–36. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.10.012. PubMed DOI

Tomassone L., Grego E., Auricchio D., Iori A., Giannini F., Rambozzi L. Lyme Borreliosis Spirochetes and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ixodid Ticks From Pianosa Island, Tuscany Archipelago, Italy. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2013;13(2):84–91. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1046. PubMed DOI

Chisu V., Leulmi H., Masala G., Piredda M., Foxi C., Parola P. Detection of Rickettsia Hoogstraalii, Rickettsia helvetica, Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Ticks From Sardinia, Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2017;8(3):347–352. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.007. PubMed DOI

Ramos R. A. N., Campbell B. E., Whittle A., et al. Occurrence of Ixodiphagus hookeri (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southern Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2015;6(3):234–236. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.01.001. PubMed DOI

Torina A., Alongi A., Scimeca S., Vicente J., Caracappa S., De La Fuente J. Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks in Sicily. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases . 2010;57(1-2):46–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01101.x. PubMed DOI

Cassini R., Marcer F., di Regalbono A. F., et al. New Insights into the Epidemiology of Bovine Piroplasmoses in Italy. Veterinary Parasitology . 2012;184(1):77–82. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.004. PubMed DOI

Iori A., Gabrielli S., Calderini P., et al. Tick Reservoirs for Piroplasms in Central and Northern Italy. Veterinary Parasitology . 2010;170(3-4):291–296. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.027. PubMed DOI

Toma L., Mancuso E., d’Alessio S. G., et al. Tick Species From Africa by Migratory Birds: A 3-Year Study in Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2021;83(1):147–164. doi: 10.1007/s10493-020-00573-4. PubMed DOI

Torina A., Khoury C., Caracappa S., Maroli M. Ticks Infesting Livestock on Farms in Western Sicily, Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2006;38(1):75–86. doi: 10.1007/s10493-005-5629-1. PubMed DOI

Toma L., Khoury C., Bianchi R., et al. Preliminary Investigation on Tick Fauna in the Neighborhood of Tarquinia, Lazio, Italy. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanita . 2015;51(1):67–70. doi: 10.4415/ANN_15_01_12. PubMed DOI

Chisu V., Foxi C., Mannu R., Satta G., Masala G. A 5-Year Survey of Tick Species and Identification of Tick-Borne Bacteria in Sardinia, Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2018;9(3):678–681. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.008. PubMed DOI

Dantas-Torres F., Testini G., DiGeronimo P. M., Lorusso V., Mallia E., Otranto D. Ticks Infesting the Endangered Italian Hare (Lepus corsicanus) and Their Habitat in an Ecological Park in Southern Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2011;53(1):95–102. doi: 10.1007/s10493-010-9387-3. PubMed DOI

Dantas-Torres F., Otranto D. Species Diversity and Abundance of Ticks in Three Habitats in Southern Italy. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2013;4(3):251–255. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.11.004. PubMed DOI

Satta G., Chisu V., Cabras P., Fois F., Masala G. Pathogens and Symbionts in Ticks: A Survey on Tick Species Distribution and Presence of Tick-Transmitted Micro-Organisms in Sardinia, Italy. Journal of Medical Microbiology . 2011;60(1):63–68. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.021543-0. PubMed DOI

Ceci L., Iarussi F., Greco B., Lacinio R., Fornelli S., Carelli G. Retrospective Study of Hemoparasites in Cattle in Southern Italy by Reverse Line Blot Hybridization. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science . 2014;76(6):869–875. doi: 10.1292/jvms.13-0365. PubMed DOI PMC

Toma L., Di Luca M., Mancini F., et al. Molecular Characterization of Babesia and Theileria Species in Ticks Collected in the Outskirt of Monte Romano, Lazio Region, Central Italy. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanita . 2017;53(1):30–34. doi: 10.4415/ANN_17_01_07. PubMed DOI

Lorusso V., Lia R. P., Dantas-Torres F., et al. Ixodid Ticks of Road-Killed Wildlife Species in Southern Italy: New Tick-Host Associations and Locality Records. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2011;55(3):293–300. doi: 10.1007/s10493-011-9470-4. PubMed DOI

Mura A., Masala G., Tola S., et al. First Direct Detection of Rickettsial Pathogens and a New Rickettsia, “Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae”, in Ticks From Sardinia, Italy. Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 2008;14(11):1028–1033. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02082.x. PubMed DOI

Georges K., Loria G. R., Riili S., et al. Detection of Haemoparasites in Cattle by Reverse Line Blot Hybridisation With a Note on the Distribution of Ticks in Sicily. Veterinary Parasitology . 2001;99(4):273–286. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00488-5. PubMed DOI

Beninati T., Genchi C., Torina A., Caracappa S., Bandi C., Lo N. Rickettsiae in Ixodid Ticks, Sicily. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2005;11(3):509–511. doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040812. PubMed DOI PMC

Converse J. D., Hoogstraal H., Moussa M. I., Stek M., Jr., Kaiser M. N. Bahig Virus (Tete Group) in Naturally- and Transovarially-Infected Hyalomma marginatum Ticks From Egypt and Italy. Archiv für Die Gesamte Virusforschung . 1974;46(1-2):29–35. doi: 10.1007/BF01240201. PubMed DOI

Buysse M., Floriano A. M., Gottlieb Y., et al. A Dual Endosymbiosis Supports Nutritional Adaptation to Hematophagy in the Invasive Tick Hyalomma marginatum. eLife . 2021;10 doi: 10.7554/eLife.72747.e72747 PubMed DOI PMC

Mancuso E., Toma L., Pascucci I., et al. Direct and Indirect Role of Migratory Birds in Spreading CCHFV and WNV: A Multidisciplinary Study on Three Stop-Over Islands in Italy. Pathogens . 2022;11(9) doi: 10.3390/pathogens11091056.1056 PubMed DOI PMC

Leblebicioglu H. Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Eurasia. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents . 2010;36:S43–S46. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.020. PubMed DOI

Papa A., Tzala E., Maltezou H. C. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Northeastern Greece. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2011;17(1):141–143. doi: 10.3201/eid1701.100073. PubMed DOI PMC

Gargili A., Midilli K., Ergonul O., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in European Part of Turkey: Genetic Analysis of the Virus Strains From Ticks and a Seroepidemiological Study in Humans. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2011;11(6):747–752. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0030. PubMed DOI

Papadopoulos O., Koptopoulos G. Isolation of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus From Rhipicephalus bursa Ticks in Greece. Acta Microbiologica Hellenica . 1978;23:20–28.

Yesilbag K., Aydin L., Dincer E., et al. Tick Survey and Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Tick Species From a Non-Endemic Area, South Marmara Region, Turkey. Experimental and Applied Acarology . 2013;60(2):253–261. doi: 10.1007/s10493-012-9642-x. PubMed DOI

Panayotova E., Papa A., Trifonova I., Christova I. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Lineages Europe 1 and Europe 2 in Bulgarian Ticks. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2016;7(5):1024–1028. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.010. PubMed DOI

Yashina L., Petrova I., Seregin S., et al. Genetic Variability of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Russia and Central Asia. Journal of General Virology . 2003;84(5):1199–1206. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.18805-0. PubMed DOI

Tsapko N. V., Volynkina A. S., Evchenko A. Y., Lisitskaya Y. V., Shaposhnikova L. I. Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks Collected From South Russia. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2022;13(2) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101890.101890 PubMed DOI

Chisu V., Foxi C., Masala G. First Molecular Detection of the Human Pathogen Rickettsia raoultii and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ixodid Ticks From Wild and Domestic Mammals. Zeitschrift Fur Parasitenkunde-Parasitology Research . 2018;117(11):3421–3429. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6036-y. PubMed DOI

Rollins R. E., Schaper S., Kahlhofer C., et al. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Birds Migrating to the Island of Ponza, Italy, and the Tick-Borne Pathogens They Carry. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2021;12(1) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101590.101590 PubMed DOI

Hansford K. M., Carter D., Gillingham E. L., et al. Hyalomma rufipes on an Untraveled Horse: Is This the First Evidence of Hyalomma Nymphs Successfully Moulting in the United Kingdom? Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2019;10(3):704–708. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.003. PubMed DOI

de Liberato C., Frontoso R., Magliano A., et al. Monitoring for the Possible Introduction of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Italy Based on Tick Sampling on Migratory Birds and Serological Survey of Sheep Flocks. Preventive Veterinary Medicine . 2018;149:47–52. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.10.014. PubMed DOI

Hoffman T., Carra L. G., Öhagen P., et al. Association Between Guilds of Birds in the African-Western Palaearctic Region and the Tick Species Hyalomma rufipes, One of the Main Vectors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. One Health . 2021;13 doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100349.100349 PubMed DOI PMC

Hoffman T., Sjödin A., Öhrman C., et al. Co-Occurrence of Francisella, Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, and Midichloria in Avian-Associated Hyalomma rufipes. Microorganisms . 2022;10(7) doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10071393.1393 PubMed DOI PMC

Mancini F., Toma L., Ciervo A., et al. Virus Investigation in Ticks From Migratory Birds in Italy. The New Microbiologica . 2013;36(4):433–434. PubMed

Medialdea-Carrera R., Melillo T., Micaleff C., Borg M. L. Detection of Hyalomma rufipes in a Recently Arrived Asylum Seeker to the EU. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2021;12(1) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101571.101571 PubMed DOI

Filipe A. R., Calisher C. H., Lazuick J. Antibodies to Congo-Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever, Dhori, Thogoto and Bhanja Viruses in Southern Portugal. Acta Virologica . 1985;29(4):324–328. PubMed

Estrada-Peña A., Palomar A. M., Santibáñez P., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Southwestern Europe, 2010. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2012;18(1):179–180. doi: 10.3201/eid1801.111040. PubMed DOI PMC

Papa A., Bino S., Llagami A., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Albania, 2001. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases . 2002;21(8):603–606. doi: 10.1007/s10096-002-0770-9. PubMed DOI

Crocquet-Valdes P., Dzelalija B., Feng H.-M., Morovic M., Walker D. H., Radulovic S. Antigen-Capture Enzyme Immunoassay: A Comparison With Other Methods for the Detection of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Ticks. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 1994;50(3):359–364. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.50.359. PubMed DOI

Hagman K., Barboutis C., Ehrenborg C., et al. On the Potential Roles of Ticks and Migrating Birds in the Ecology of West Nile Virus. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology . 2014;4(1) doi: 10.3402/iee.v4.20943.20943 PubMed DOI PMC

Papa A., Kontana A., Tsioka K., Chaligiannis I., Sotiraki S. Molecular Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Ticks, Greece, 2012–2014. Parasitology Research . 2017;116(11):3057–3063. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5616-6. PubMed DOI

Ahmeti S., Berisha L., Halili B., et al. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Kosovo, 2013–2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2019;25(2):321–324. doi: 10.3201/eid2502.171999. PubMed DOI PMC

Vesenjak-Hirjan J., Punda-Polić V., Dobe M. Geographical Distribution of Arboviruses in Yugoslavia. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology . 1991;35(2):129–140. PubMed

Jameson L. J., Ramadani N., Medlock J. M. Possible Drivers of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Transmission in Kosova. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2012;12(9):753–757. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0773. PubMed DOI

Nijhof A. M., Bodaan C., Postigo M., et al. Ticks and Associated Pathogens Collected From Domestic Animals in the Netherlands. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2007;7(4):585–596. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0130. PubMed DOI

Heylen D., Fonville M., Docters van Leeuwen A., et al. Pathogen Communities of Songbird-Derived Ticks in Europe’s Low Countries. Parasites & Vectors . 2017;10(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2423-y.497 PubMed DOI PMC

Estrada-Peña A., Martínez Avilés M., Muñoz Reoyo M. J. A Population Model to Describe the Distribution and Seasonal Dynamics of the Tick Hyalomma marginatum in the Mediterranean Basin. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases . 2011;58(3):213–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01198.x. PubMed DOI

Gray J. S., Dautel H., Estrada-Peña A., Kahl O., Lindgren E. Effects of Climate Change on Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Europe. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases . 2009;2009 doi: 10.1155/2009/593232.593232 PubMed DOI PMC

Hubálek Z., Sedláček P., Estrada-Peña A., Vojtíšek J., Rudolf I. First Record of Hyalomma rufipes in the Czech Republic, With a Review of Relevant Cases in Other Parts of Europe. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2020;11(4) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101421.101421 PubMed DOI

Rudolf I., Kejíková R., Vojtíšek J., et al. Probable Overwintering of Adult Hyalomma rufipes in Central Europe. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2021;12(4) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101718.101718 PubMed DOI

Chitimia-Dobler L., Nava S., Bestehorn M., Dobler G., Wölfel S. First Detection of Hyalomma rufipes in Germany. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2016;7(6):1135–1138. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.08.008. PubMed DOI

Hornok S., Horváth G. First Report of Adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (vector of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus) on Cattle Under a Continental Climate in Hungary. Parasites & Vectors . 2012;5(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-170.170 PubMed DOI PMC

Celina S. S., Černý J., Samy A. M. Mapping the Potential Distribution of the Principal Vector of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Hyalomma marginatum in the Old World. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases . 2023;17(11) doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010855.e0010855 PubMed DOI PMC

Magyar N., Kis Z., Barabás É., et al. New Geographical Area on the Map of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: First Serological Evidence in the Hungarian Population. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2021;12(1) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101555.101555 PubMed DOI

Hornok S., Flaisz B., Takács N., et al. Bird Ticks in Hungary Reflect Western, Southern, Eastern Flyway Connections and Two Genetic Lineages of Ixodes frontalis and Haemaphysalis concinna. Parasites & Vectors . 2016;9(1) doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1365-0.101 PubMed DOI PMC

Keve G., Csörgő T., Benke A., et al. Ornithological and Molecular Evidence of a Reproducing Hyalomma rufipes Population Under Continental Climate in Europe. Frontiers in Veterinary Science . 2023;10 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1147186.1147186 PubMed DOI PMC

Magdalena N.-C., Wojciech S. A New Case of Transfer to Poland of the Tick, Hyalomma (Euhyalomma) marginatum, Koch, 1844 (Acari: Amblyommidae) on Migratory Birds . Abstracts of XXII Congress of Polish Parasitological Society; 2010.

Bażanów B. A., Pacoń J., Gadzała Ł., Frącka A., Welz M., Paweska J. Vector and Serologic Survey for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Poland. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2017;17(7):510–513. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2075. PubMed DOI

Onishchenko G. G. Infectious Diseases in Natural Reservoirs: Epidemic Situation and Morbidity in the Russian Federation and Prophylactic Measures. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii . 2001;(3):22–28. PubMed

Johnsen P. Hyalomma marginatum, Koch, a Tick New to Denmark. Journal of Medical Entomology . 1943;22:381–383.

Ulmanen I., Saikku P., Vikberg P., Sorjonen J. Ixodes lividus (Acari) in Sand Martin Colonies in Fennoscandia. Oikos . 1977;28(1) doi: 10.2307/3543318.20 DOI

Saikku P., Ulmanen I., Brummer-Korvenkontio M. Ticks (Ixodidae) on Migratory Birds in Finland. Acta Entomologica Fennica . 1971;28:46–51.

Nuorteva P., Hoogstraal H. The Incidence of Ticks (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae) on Migratory Birds Arriving in Finland During the Spring of 1962. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae . 1963;41:457–468. PubMed

Laakkonen J., Terhivuo J., Huhtamo E., Vapalahti O., Uzcátegui N. Y. First Report of Ixodes frontalis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Finland, an Example of Foreign Tick Species Transported by a Migratory Bird. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica . 2009;85:16–19.

Hasle G., Bjune G., Edvardsen E., et al. Transport of Ticks by Migratory Passerine Birds to Norway. Journal of Parasitology . 2009;95(6):1342–1351. doi: 10.1645/GE-2146.1. PubMed DOI

Hoogstraal H., Kaiser M. N., Traylor M. A., Gaber S., Guindy E. Ticks (Ixodoidea) on Birds Migrating From Africa to Europe and Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 1961;24(2):197–212. PubMed PMC

Hillyard P. D. Ticks of North-West Europe: Keys and Notes for Identification of the Species . The Linnean Society of London; 1996.

Medlock J. M., Hansford K. M., Bormane A., et al. Driving Forces for Changes in Geographical Distribution of Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Europe. Parasites & Vectors . 2013;6(1) doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-1.1 PubMed DOI PMC

Pfäffle M., Littwin N., Muders S. V., Petney T. N. The Ecology of Tick-Borne Diseases. International Journal for Parasitology . 2013;43(12-13):1059–1077. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.009. PubMed DOI

Estrada-Peña A., de la Fuente J. The Ecology of Ticks and Epidemiology of Tick-Borne Viral Diseases. Antiviral Research . 2014;108:104–128. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.016. PubMed DOI

Majeed B., Dicker R., Nawar A., Badri S., Noah A., Muslem H. Morbidity and Mortality of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iraq: Cases Reported to the National Surveillance System, 1990–2010. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . 2012;106(8):480–483. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.04.006. PubMed DOI

FAO Animal Health Report. The Conflict in Ukraine and Animal Health. 2022.

Keve G., Sándor A. D., Hornok S. Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Associated With Birds in Europe: Review of Literature Data. Frontiers in Veterinary Science . 2022;9 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928756.928756 PubMed DOI PMC

Gargili A., Estrada-Peña A., Spengler J. R., Lukashev A., Nuttall P. A., Bente D. A. The Role of Ticks in the Maintenance and Transmission of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus: A Review of Published Field and Laboratory Studies. Antiviral Research . 2017;144:93–119. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.010. PubMed DOI PMC

Fernández-Ruiz N., Estrada-Peña A. Towards New Horizons: Climate Trends in Europe Increase the Environmental Suitability for Permanent Populations of Hyalomma marginatum (Ixodidae) Pathogens . 2021;10(2) doi: 10.3390/pathogens10020095.95 PubMed DOI PMC

Gillingham E. L., Medlock J. M., Macintyre H., Phalkey R. Modelling the Current and Future Temperature Suitability of the UK for the Vector Hyalomma marginatum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases . 2023;14(2) doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102112.102112 PubMed DOI

Duscher G. G., Kienberger S., Haslinger K., et al. Hyalomma spp. in Austria—The Tick, the Climate, the Diseases and the Risk for Humans and Animals. Microorganisms . 2022;10(9) doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10091761.1761 PubMed DOI PMC

Estrada-Peña A., Ayllón N., de la Fuente J. Impact of Climate Trends on Tick-Borne Pathogen Transmission. Frontiers in Physiology . 2012;3 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00064.64 PubMed DOI PMC

Estrada-Peña A., D’Amico G., Fernández-Ruiz N. Modelling the Potential Spread of Hyalomma marginatum Ticks in Europe by Migratory Birds. International Journal for Parasitology . 2021;51(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.08.004. PubMed DOI

Estrada-Peña A., Jameson L., Medlock J., Vatansever Z., Tishkova F. Unraveling the Ecological Complexities of Tick-Associated Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Transmission: A Gap Analysis for the Western Palearctic. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases . 2012;12(9):743–752. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0767. PubMed DOI

Semenza J. C., Rocklöv J., Penttinen P., Lindgren E. Observed and Projected Drivers of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Europe. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2016;1382(1):73–83. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13132. PubMed DOI PMC