Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The patient's prognosis largely depends on the tumor stage at diagnosis. The pathological TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging of surgically resected cancers represents the main prognostic factor and guidance for decision-making in CRC patients. However, this approach alone is insufficient as a prognostic predictor because clinical outcomes in patients at the same histological tumor stage can still differ. Recently, significant progress in the treatment of CRC has been made due to improvements in both chemotherapy and surgical management. Immunotherapy-based approaches are one of the most rapidly developing areas of tumor therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the tumor microenvironment (TME), immune response and its interactions with CRC development, immunotherapy and prognosis.

• Klíčová slova
• colorectal cancer, consensus molecular subtypes, immune cells, immunoscore, tumor microenvironment, tumorigenesis,
• MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• imunoterapie MeSH
• kolorektální nádory * patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí * MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Natural killer (NK) cells represent a subset of CD3- CD7+ CD56+/dim lymphocytes with cytotoxic and suppressor activity against virus-infected cells and cancer cells. The overall potential of NK cells has brought them to the spotlight of targeted immunotherapy in solid and hematological malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Nonetheless, NK cells are subjected to a variety of cancer defense mechanisms, leading to impaired maturation, chemotaxis, target recognition, and killing. This review aims to summarize the available and most current knowledge about cancer-related impairment of NK cell function occurring in MM.

• Klíčová slova
• NK cells, activating receptors, immunotherapy, inhibitory receptors, microenvironment, multiple myeloma, niche,
• MeSH
• biologické markery MeSH
• buňky NK imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• cílená molekulární terapie MeSH
• cytotoxicita imunologická MeSH
• imunita MeSH
• imunomodulace účinky léků   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• management nemoci MeSH
• mnohočetný myelom diagnóza   etiologie   metabolismus   terapie   MeSH
• náchylnost k nemoci MeSH
• nádorové mikroprostředí účinky léků   imunologie   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• receptory buněk NK genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• T-lymfocyty - podskupiny imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• receptory buněk NK MeSH

The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH