Semi-volatile organic compounds were monitored over a whole year, by collection of gas and particle phases every sixth day at a suburban site in Izmir, Turkey. Annual mean concentrations of 32 polychlorinated biphenyls (∑32PCBs) and 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑14PAHs) were 348 pg/m3 and 36 ng/m3, respectively, while it was 273 pg/m3 for endosulfan, the dominant compound among 23 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the USEPA exposure-risk models for the estimation of the population exposure and carcinogenic risk probability distributions for heating and non-heating periods. The estimated population risks associated with dermal contact and inhalation routes to ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and some of the targeted OCPs (α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-chlordane (α-CHL), γ-chlordane (γ-CHL), and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT)) were in the ranges of 1.86 × 10-16-7.29 × 10-9 and 1.38 × 10-10-4.07 × 10-6, respectively. The inhalation 95th percentile risks for ∑32PCBs, ∑14PAHs, and OCPs were about 6, 3, and 4-7 orders of magnitude higher than those of dermal route, respectively. The 95th percentile inhalation risk for ∑32PCBs and OCPs in the non-heating period were 1.8- and 1.2-4.6 folds higher than in the heating period, respectively. In contrast, the 95th percentile risk levels for ∑14PAHs in the heating period were 4.3 times greater than that of non-heating period for inhalation, respectively. While risk levels associated with exposure to PCBs and OCPs did not exceed the acceptable level of 1 × 10-6, it was exceeded for 47 % of the population associated with inhalation of PAHs with a maximum value of about 4 × 10-6.

• Klíčová slova
• Carcinogenic risk *, Exposure *, OCPs *, PAHs *, PCBs *, Persistent organic pollutants *,
• MeSH
• chlordan analýza   MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• DDT analýza   MeSH
• endosulfan analýza   MeSH
• heptachlor analýza   MeSH
• hexachlorcyklohexan analýza   MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí * MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• roční období * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane MeSH Prohlížeč
• beta-hexachlorocyclohexane MeSH Prohlížeč
• chlordan MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky MeSH
• DDT MeSH
• endosulfan MeSH
• heptachlor MeSH
• hexachlorcyklohexan MeSH
• karcinogeny životního prostředí MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• pesticidy MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH

In this study, PUF disk passive air samplers were deployed at eight sites, during two sampling periods, on the Island of Sicily in the Mediterranean basin. Samples were screened for a number of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (n = 28 congeners), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (n = 16 compounds), and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs n = 28) using GC-MS. PCB concentrations in air ranged ~10-300 pg m-3. The PCB pattern was dominated by lower to middle molecular weight PCBs (Cl3-5) and PCB-28 and PCB-52 were the most abundant congeners. α- and γ-Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) concentrations in air were relatively high ~420 ± 320 (50-1000) and 460 ± 340 (30-1000) pg m-3, respectively, with an average α/γ ratio of 1 ± 0.5, indicating a tendency of higher use of lindane than of technical HCH. Among DDTs, only p,p'-DDT 90 ± 15 (~10-800) and p,p'-DDE 60 ± 60 (20-400) were frequently detected. DDT/DDE = 0.4-3.0 (1.0 ± 0.7 for both periods) suggesting past and fresh inputs of DDT at the sampling sites. α-Endosulfan, recently included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, fluctuated between 120 ± 50 (50-1000) pg m-3. In contrast, PBDE levels were very low (0.2-2 pg m-3). Back trajectories of advection suggest that POP levels are mainly related to local sources (primary or secondary) from Sicily (50-70 % contribution of air masses), Southern Italy, and Sardinia (20 %). This study provides new information for POP levels in the atmosphere of the Mediterranean region.

• Klíčová slova
• Air back trajectories, Mediterranean, POPs, PUF disks, Passive samplers, The Island of Sicily,
• MeSH
• atmosféra analýza   MeSH
• chlorované uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• pesticidy analýza   MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• ostrovy MeSH
• Sicilie MeSH
• Středomoří MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chlorované uhlovodíky MeSH
• halogenované difenylethery MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• pesticidy MeSH
• polychlorované bifenyly MeSH

Although passive sampling has been previously used for the monitoring of volatile and semi-volatile contaminants in air, there are limited data on the use of this technique coupled with bioassays based on specific biological responses. Biological responses including those mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) receptor as well as (anti-)estrogenicity and (anti-)androgenicity of samples from four Eastern European countries (Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, and Serbia) were determined. To address the potential differences of specific toxic potencies of pollutant mixtures in ambient air in Eastern Europe, each country was characterized by a single more remote location that served to determine regional background conditions and one location in more urbanized and industrialized locations, which were defined as "impacted" areas. Besides samples from Lithuania, a significant gradient in concentrations of AhR-mediated potency from background and impacted localities was observed. Greatest potencies were measured in samples from impacted locations in Romania and Slovakia. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that were quantified accounted for 3-33 % of the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents determined by use of the bioassay. No significant estrogenic potency was detected but anti-estrogenic effects were produced by air from two background locations (Lithuania, Slovakia) and three impacted locations (Lithuania, Romania, and Serbia). Anti-androgenic potency was observed in all samples. The greatest anti-estrogenic potency was observed at the background location in Slovakia. Anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic potencies of studied air samples were probably associated with compounds that are not routinely monitored. The study documents suitability of passive air sampling for the assessment of specific toxic potencies of ambient air pollutants.

• MeSH
• estrogeny analýza   MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• polychlorované dibenzodioxiny analýza   MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky analýza   MeSH
• receptory aromatických uhlovodíků MeSH
• znečištění ovzduší statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa MeSH
• Názvy látek
• estrogeny MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• polychlorované dibenzodioxiny MeSH
• polycyklické aromatické uhlovodíky MeSH
• receptory aromatických uhlovodíků MeSH

Chemicals in air were characterized for potential interference with signaling of estrogen, androgen, and arylhydrocarbon (AhR) receptors, which are known to play an important role in endocrine-disruptive changes in vivo. Previously, effects of this type have been studied mainly in particulate matter in the ambient air from various localities. In this study, both volatile and particulate fractions of air from three sites in Banja Luka region (Bosnia and Herzegovina) were investigated to describe the distribution of endocrine-disrupting contaminants on a small spatial scale. Circadian variability of air pollution was investigated by collecting samples during both day and night. Air samples collected from urban localities at night were more potent in producing the AhR-mediated effects than those collected during daytime. This trend was not observed at the reference rural location. None of the samples showed significant estrogenic or androgenic activity. On the other hand, anti-androgenicity was detected in both particulate and vapor phases, while anti-estrogenicity was detected only in the particulate fraction of air from all localities. The AhR-mediated potencies of samples were associated primarily with non-persistent compounds. Based on the concentrations of 28 individual compounds, PAHs accounted for approximately 30 % of the AhR-mediated potency determined by the bioassay. The results show that there can be a significant difference between levels of bioactive compounds in air between daytime and nighttime.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• androgenní receptory MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• cirkadiánní rytmus MeSH
• endokrinní disruptory MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch chemie   MeSH
• nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
• pevné částice chemie   MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny chemie   MeSH
• vzduch analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• androgenní receptory MeSH
• endokrinní disruptory MeSH
• látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
• pevné částice MeSH
• receptory pro estrogeny MeSH
• těkavé organické sloučeniny MeSH