Vermicomposting is a process of degradation of biowaste which involves complex interactions between earthworms and microorganisms. This process lacks a thermophilic stage and thus, the possible presence of pathogens poses a potential health hazard. To assess the contribution of earthworms during the selective reduction of various pathogens, apple pomace substrate was artificially inoculated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., thermotolerant coliform bacteria, and Enterococci. The artificial bacterial load did not influence the weight, reproduction, or intestinal enzymatic activity of the earthworms, but it caused reversible histological changes to the epithelial layer and chloragogen tissue of their intestines. The reduction of pathogenic Enterococci and E. coli from the substrate was accelerated by earthworms (63-fold, 77-fold, and 840-fold for Enterococci and 6-fold, 36-fold, and 7-fold for E. coli inoculated substrates after 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively). Moreover, the rapid elimination of Salmonella spp. was supported by the upregulated expression of two pattern recognition receptors which bind lipopolysaccharide, coelomic cytolytic factor, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. Further, the microbiomes of the intestine and the composting substrate differed significantly. Graphical abstract.

• Keywords
• Biowaste, Earthworm, Eisenia, Immunity, Microbiome, Pathogen, Pattern recognition receptor, Vermicompost,
• MeSH
• Escherichia coli MeSH
• Composting methods   MeSH
• Oligochaeta microbiology   physiology   MeSH
• Soil Microbiology * MeSH
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Evaluation Study MeSH