Background: The regularity of eating, together with other nutritional factors, is one of the important determinants of health. According to previous studies, it is not clear if a greater fluctuation in energy intake is associated with higher body fat and weight gain, or if the weight of people is stable despite these fluctuations in the energy intake. The aim of the study was to verify if a higher variability in the energy intake each day of the week is related to the amount of body fat and other anthropometric parameters. Methods: A total of 220 (151 women, 69 men) individuals of Czech Caucasian origin with a BMI of 18.3-58 kg/m2, aged 21.7-79.7 were included in the study. Selected anthropometric characteristics were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. 7-day food records were completed and analyzed using nutritional software. The measured values were statistically evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The results of the multiple linear regression showed the statistically significant dependence of the percentage of body fat (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), and waist circumference (p<0.05) on the relative variability of the daily energy intake. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that people with more regular energy intake also have better anthropometric parameters related to their cardiometabolic health.

• Keywords
• 7-day food records, BMI, bioelectrical impedance, energy intake, percentage of body fat, variability in energy intake,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electric Impedance MeSH
• Energy Intake * physiology   MeSH
• Body Mass Index * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Waist Circumference MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Body Composition * physiology   MeSH
• Adipose Tissue MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

BACKGROUND: Appetite and gastrointestinal hormones (GIHs) participate in energy homeostasis, feeding behavior and regulation of body weight. We demonstrated previously the superior effect of a hypocaloric diet regimen with lower meal frequency (B2) on body weight, hepatic fat content, insulin sensitivity and feelings of hunger compared to the same diet divided into six smaller meals a day (A6). Studies with isoenergetic diet regimens indicate that lower meal frequency should also have an effect on fasting and postprandial responses of GIHs. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the effect of two hypocaloric diet regimens on fasting levels of appetite and GIHs and on their postprandial responses after a standard meal. It was hypothesized that lower meal frequency in a reduced-energy regimen leading to greater body weight reduction and reduced hunger would be associated with decreased plasma concentrations of GIHs: gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), peptide YY(PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and leptin and increased plasma concentration of ghrelin. The postprandial response of satiety hormones (GLP-1, PYY and PP) and postprandial suppression of ghrelin will be improved. METHODS: In a randomized crossover study, 54 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D) underwent both regimens. The concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, PP, PYY, amylin, leptin and ghrelin were determined using multiplex immunoanalyses. RESULTS: Fasting leptin and GIP decreased in response to both regimens with no difference between the treatments (p = 0.37 and p = 0.83, respectively). Fasting ghrelin decreased in A6 and increased in B2 (with difference between regimens p = 0.023). Fasting PP increased in B2with no significant difference between regimens (p = 0.17). Neither GLP-1 nor PYY did change in either regimen. The decrease in body weight correlated negatively with changes in fasting ghrelin (r = -0.4, p<0.043) and the postprandial reduction of ghrelin correlated positively with its fasting level (r = 0.9, p<0.001). The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Both hypocaloric diet regimens reduced fasting leptin and GIP and postprandial response of GIP comparably. The postprandial responses of GIHs and appetite hormones were similar after both diet regimens. Eating only breakfast and lunch increased fasting plasma ghrelin more than the same caloric restriction split into six meals. The changes in fasting ghrelin correlated negatively with the decrease in body weight. These results suggest that for type 2 diabetic patients on a hypocaloric diet, eating larger breakfast and lunch may be more efficient than six smaller meals during the day.

• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 diet therapy   pathology   physiopathology   psychology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Ghrelin blood   MeSH
• Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 blood   MeSH
• Hunger physiology   MeSH
• Insulin Resistance MeSH
• Meals * physiology   psychology   MeSH
• Caloric Restriction methods   MeSH
• Cross-Over Studies MeSH
• Leptin blood   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pancreatic Polypeptide blood   MeSH
• Peptide YY blood   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide blood   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Ghrelin MeSH
• Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 MeSH
• Leptin MeSH
• Pancreatic Polypeptide MeSH
• Peptide YY MeSH
• Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide MeSH

• MeSH
• Patient Compliance MeSH
• Depression complications   prevention & control   MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications   diet therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Diet, Diabetic * MeSH
• Energy Intake MeSH
• Meals * MeSH
• Quality of Life MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Overweight complications   diet therapy   prevention & control   MeSH
• Snacks * MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic MeSH
• Diet, Reducing MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Letter MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH