The effects of the herbicide metazachlor and its major metabolite metazachlor OA at two concentrations, including environmentally relevant concentrations of metazachlor (0.0115 µmol/l and 0.0790 µmol/l) and metazachlor OA (0.0117 µmol/l and 0.0805 µmol/l), respectively, were evaluated on early ontogeny, growth, behaviour, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme levels, histology, and mortality of marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis. Both tested concentrations of metazachlor and metazachlor OA were associated with significantly lower growth and delayed ontogenetic development compared to controls. Exposure of metazachlor at 0.0115 µmol/l and metazachlor OA at 0.0117 µmol/l and 0.0805 µmol/l resulted in significantly lower activity of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced glutathione (GSH) compared with control and resulted in gill anomalies ranging from wall thinning to focal disintegration of branchial structure. Metazachlor at the environmentally relevant concentration of 0.0790 µmol/l was associated with significant alterations of crayfish distance moved and walking speed. The potential risk associated with metazachlor use in agriculture related to effects on non-target aquatic organisms.

• MeSH
• Acetamides metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Antioxidants metabolism   MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity   MeSH
• Ecotoxicology MeSH
• Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects   MeSH
• Glutathione metabolism   MeSH
• Glutathione Reductase metabolism   MeSH
• Hepatopancreas drug effects   pathology   MeSH
• Herbicides metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Locomotion drug effects   MeSH
• Oxidative Stress drug effects   MeSH
• Astacoidea drug effects   embryology   growth & development   metabolism   MeSH
• Superoxide Dismutase metabolism   MeSH
• Gills drug effects   pathology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Acetamides MeSH
• Antioxidants MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical MeSH
• Glutathione MeSH
• Glutathione Reductase MeSH
• Herbicides MeSH
• metazachlor MeSH Browser
• Superoxide Dismutase MeSH

The sensitivity of early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to chronic exposure to single and combined environmental concentrations of the triazine metabolites terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy, terbuthylazine-desethyl and atrazine 2-hydroxy was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Their effects were assessed on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, reduced glutathione), mortality, growth, development and histology. Single metabolites (terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy-0.73 μg/L; terbuthylazine-desethyl-1.80 μg/L; atrazine 2-hydroxy-0.66 μg/L) and combinations were not associated with negative effects on hatching, behaviour, embryo viability, growth or early ontogeny. Carp exposed to terbuthylazine-desethyl at 1.80 μg/L showed significantly lower total superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activity compared with the control group. Liver histology revealed diffused steatosis associated with the presence of lipid inclusions in hepatic cells in groups exposed to terbuthylazine-desethyl, atrazine 2-hydroxy and the tested combination of metabolites.

• Keywords
• Antioxidant enzymes, Atrazine 2-hydroxy, Fish, Terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy, Terbuthylazine-desethyl,
• MeSH
• Antioxidants metabolism   MeSH
• Atrazine metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Embryo, Nonmammalian drug effects   enzymology   metabolism   MeSH
• Glutathione metabolism   MeSH
• Glutathione Reductase metabolism   MeSH
• Glutathione Transferase metabolism   MeSH
• Herbicides metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Liver drug effects   embryology   pathology   MeSH
• Carps embryology   metabolism   MeSH
• Catalase metabolism   MeSH
• Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances metabolism   MeSH
• Oxidative Stress drug effects   MeSH
• Lipid Peroxidation drug effects   MeSH
• Superoxide Dismutase metabolism   MeSH
• Triazines metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antioxidants MeSH
• Atrazine MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical MeSH
• Glutathione MeSH
• Glutathione Reductase MeSH
• Glutathione Transferase MeSH
• Herbicides MeSH
• Catalase MeSH
• Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances MeSH
• Superoxide Dismutase MeSH
• terbutylazine MeSH Browser
• Triazines MeSH