The strategies of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (C a) are not entirely clear. Here, we reconstructed centennial trajectories of leaf internal CO2 concentration (C i) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) from the amount of 13C in tree-ring cellulose. We collected 57 cores across elevations, soil, and atmospheric conditions in central Europe. Generally, WUEi and C i increased over the last 100 years and the C i/C a ratio remained almost constant. However, two groups were distinguished. The first group showed a quasi-linear response to C a and the sensitivity of C i to C a (s = dC i/dC a) ranged from 0 to 1. Trees in the second group showed nonmonotonic responses with extremes during the peak of industrial air pollution in the 1980s and s increase from -1 to +1.6. Our study shows a marked attenuation of the rise in WUEi during the 20th century leading to invariant WUEi in recent decades.

• Keywords
• Picea abies, carbon dioxide enrichment, photosynthesis, stable carbon isotopes, tree rings, water-use efficiency,
• MeSH
• Photosynthesis MeSH
• Plant Leaves * metabolism   physiology   MeSH
• Carbon Dioxide * metabolism   MeSH
• Picea * metabolism   physiology   MeSH
• Water * metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Carbon Dioxide * MeSH
• Water * MeSH