Increased awareness of the impact of human activities on the environment has emerged in recent decades. One significant global environmental and human health issue is the development of materials that could potentially have negative effects. These materials can accumulate in the environment, infiltrate organisms, and move up the food chain, causing toxic effects at various levels. Therefore, it is crucial to assess materials comprising nano-scale particles due to the rapid expansion of nanotechnology. The aquatic environment, particularly vulnerable to waste pollution, demands attention. This review provides an overview of the behavior and fate of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in the aquatic environment. It focuses on recent studies investigating the toxicity of different metallic NPs on aquatic organisms, with a specific emphasis on thiol-biomarkers of oxidative stress such as glutathione, thiol- and related-enzymes, and metallothionein. Additionally, the selection of suitable measurement methods for monitoring thiol-biomarkers in NPs' ecotoxicity assessments is discussed. The review also describes the analytical techniques employed for determining levels of oxidative stress biomarkers.

• Keywords
• Aquatic organism, Glutathione, Mass spectrometry, Metallothionein, Oxidative stress,
• MeSH
• Antioxidants * metabolism   MeSH
• Biomarkers * metabolism   MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical * toxicity   analysis   MeSH
• Glutathione metabolism   MeSH
• Metal Nanoparticles * toxicity   chemistry   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metallothionein metabolism   MeSH
• Environmental Monitoring methods   MeSH
• Oxidative Stress * drug effects   MeSH
• Peptides toxicity   MeSH
• Aquatic Organisms drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Antioxidants * MeSH
• Biomarkers * MeSH
• Water Pollutants, Chemical * MeSH
• Glutathione MeSH
• Metallothionein MeSH
• Peptides MeSH

Ingestion of nanoparticles (NPs) with antimicrobial properties may disrupt the balance of intestinal microbiota. To investigate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs on intestinal flora, common carp Cyprinus carpio were fed a commercial feed containing 500 mg kg-1 ZnO NPs for 6 weeks and compared to a control group receiving a similar feed-only regime. Sequencing data were analyzed both in individual fish and in pooled samples. Sequencing of 16S rRNA encoding gene of individual specimens revealed high variation in intestinal microbial composition. Assessment of pooled results can obscure high individual variation in data. ZnO NPs consumption was not associated with a significant difference in the intestinal microbial community compared to untreated controls. Our results indicated a high individual variation in the intestinal microbiome, which may further point out the importance of functional study over microbial composition to address nanomaterials-microbiome relationship.

• Keywords
• Common carp, Intestine, Microbiome, Nanoparticles, ZnO,
• MeSH
• Carps MeSH
• Microbiota MeSH
• Nanoparticles MeSH
• Zinc Oxide chemistry   pharmacology   MeSH
• Food MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S chemistry   MeSH
• Intestines physiology   MeSH
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Zinc Oxide MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S MeSH