OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Uniform Data Set (UDS) 2 battery in distinguishing between individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) attributable to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD) and those with MCI due to other causes (MCI-nonAD), based on contemporary AT(N) biomarker criteria. Despite the implementation of the novel UDS 3 battery, the UDS 2 battery is still used in several non-English-speaking countries. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 113 Czech participants with MCI underwent a comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including cerebrospinal fluid biomarker evaluation, resulting in two groups: 45 individuals with prodromal AD (A+T+) and 68 participants with non-Alzheimer's pathological changes or normal AD biomarkers (A-). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed with neuropsychological test scores and demographic variables as predictors and AD status as an outcome. Model 1 included UDS 2 scores that differed between AD and non-AD groups (Logical Memory delayed recall), Model 2 employed also Letter Fluency and Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The two models were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. We also created separate logistic regression models for each of the UDS 2 scores. RESULTS: Worse performance in delayed recall of Logical Memory significantly predicted the presence of positive AD biomarkers. In addition, the inclusion of Letter Fluency RAVLT into the model significantly enhanced its discriminative capacity. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that using Letter Fluency and RAVLT alongside the UDS 2 battery can enhance its potential for differential diagnostics.

• Keywords
• Alzheimer’s disease, Assessment, Mild cognitive impairment,
• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease * diagnosis   cerebrospinal fluid   MeSH
• Amyloid beta-Peptides cerebrospinal fluid   MeSH
• Biomarkers * cerebrospinal fluid   MeSH
• Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * diagnosis   etiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests * standards   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• tau Proteins cerebrospinal fluid   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Amyloid beta-Peptides MeSH
• Biomarkers * MeSH
• tau Proteins MeSH

Hippocampal dysfunction is associated with early clinical signs of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Due to the limited availability or invasiveness of current biomarkers, the AD diagnosis is usually based on cognitive assessment and structural brain imaging. The recent study by Lalive and colleagues examined the specificity of brain morphometry for the AD diagnosis in a memory clinic cohort with hippocampal-type amnestic syndrome. The results indicate that memory deficits and hippocampal atrophy are similar in AD and non-AD patients, highlighting their low diagnostic specificity. These findings challenge the traditional AD diagnosis and underscore the need for biomarkers to differentiate specific neuropathological entities.

• Keywords
• Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia, cerebrospinal fluid, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, mild cognitive impairment, positron emission tomography, primary age-related tauopathy, subjective cognitive decline, suspected non-Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology,
• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease * diagnosis   MeSH
• Atrophy pathology   MeSH
• Biomarkers * MeSH
• Hippocampus pathology   diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain pathology   diagnostic imaging   metabolism   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Biomarkers * MeSH

BACKGROUND: Memory tests using controlled encoding and cued recall paradigm (CECR) have been shown to identify prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD), but information about the effectiveness of CECR compared to other memory tests in predicting clinical progression is missing. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the predictive ability of a memory test based on the CECR paradigm in comparison to other memory/non-memory tests for conversion to dementia in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). METHODS: 270 aMCI patients from the clinical-based Czech Brain Aging Study underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment including the Enhanced Cued Recall test (ECR), a memory test with CECR, two verbal memory tests without controlled encoding: the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and Logical memory test (LM), a visuospatial memory test: the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test, and cognitive testing based on the Uniform Data Set battery. The patients were followed prospectively. Conversion to dementia as a function of cognitive performance was examined using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: 144 (53%) patients converted to dementia. Most converters (89%) developed dementia due to AD or mixed (AD and vascular) dementia. Comparing the four memory tests, the delayed recall scores on AVLT and LM best predicted conversion to dementia. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of immediate recall scores on ECR, AVLT, and LM were similar to the HR of categorical verbal fluency. CONCLUSION: Using the CECR memory paradigm in assessment of aMCI patients has no superiority over verbal and non-verbal memory tests without cued recall in predicting conversion to dementia.

• Keywords
• Alzheimer’s disease, memory, mild cognitive impairment, verbal fluency,
• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease * diagnosis   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * psychology   MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Disease Progression MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH