The study evaluates the efficacy of RETROICOR (Retrospective Image Correction) in mitigating physiological artifacts within multi-echo (ME) fMRI data. Two RETROICOR implementations were compared: applying corrections to individual echoes (RTC_ind) versus composite multi-echo data (RTC_comp). Data from 50 healthy participants were collected using diverse acquisition parameters, including multiband acceleration factors and varying flip angles, on a Siemens Prisma 3T scanner. Key metrics such as temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR), signal fluctuation sensitivity (SFS), and variance of residuals demonstrated improved data quality in both RETROICOR models, particularly in moderately accelerated runs (multiband factors 4 and 6) with lower flip angles (45°). Differences between RTC_ind and RTC_comp were minimal, suggesting both methods are viable for practical applications. While the highest acceleration (multiband factor 8) degraded data quality, RETROICOR's compatibility with faster acquisition sequences was confirmed. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing acquisition parameters and noise correction techniques for reliable fMRI investigations.

• Keywords
• RETROICOR, denoising, fMRI, multi‐echo,
• MeSH
• Artifacts * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods   MeSH
• Brain Mapping * methods   MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Brain * diagnostic imaging   physiology   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted * methods   MeSH
• Signal-To-Noise Ratio MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Maladaptive behaviors and interpersonal difficulties in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) seem connected to biased facial emotion processing. This bias is often accompanied by heightened amygdala activity in patients with BPD as compared to healthy controls. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies exploring differences between patients and healthy controls in facial emotion processing have produced divergent results. The current study explored fMRI and heart rate variability (HRV) correlates of negative facial emotion processing in patients with BPD and healthy controls. METHODS: The study included 30 patients with BPD (29 females; age: M = 24.22, SD = 5.22) and 30 healthy controls (29 females; M = 24.66, SD = 5.28). All participants underwent the "faces" task, an emotional face perception task, in an fMRI session simultaneously with ECG. In this task, participants are presented with emotional expressions of disgust, sadness, and fear (as a negative condition) and with the same pictures in a scrambled version (as a neutral condition). RESULTS: We found no differences in brain activity between patients with BPD and healthy controls when processing negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. We observed activation in large-scale brain areas in both groups when presented with negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. Patients with BPD displayed lower HRV than healthy controls in both conditions. However, there were no significant associations between HRV and amygdala activity and BPD symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate no abnormal brain activity during emotional facial processing in patients with BPD. This result contrasts with previous studies and more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between facial emotion processing and brain activity in patients with BPD. Possible reasons for the absence of brain activity differences are discussed in the study. Consistent with previous findings, patients showed lower HRV than healthy controls. However, HRV was not associated with amygdala activity and BPD symptoms.

• Keywords
• Borderline personality disorder, Faces task, Facial emotion processing, Heart rate variability, Negative facial expressions, fMRI,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND: Interpersonal difficulties of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are closely related to rejection sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to gain further insight into the experience and cerebral processing of social interactions in patients with BPD by using fMRI during experimentally induced experiences of social exclusion, inclusion, and overinclusion. METHODS: The study involved 30 participants diagnosed with BPD (29 female and 1 male; age: M = 24.22, SD = 5.22) and 30 healthy controls (29 female and 1 male; age: M = 24.66, SD = 5.28) with no current or lifetime psychiatric diagnoses. In the fMRI session, all participants were asked to complete a Cyberball task that consisted of an alternating sequence of inclusion, exclusion, and overinclusion conditions. RESULTS: Compared to healthy controls, participants with BPD reported higher levels of inner tension and more unpleasant emotions across all experimental conditions. At the neural level, the participants with BPD showed lower recruitment of the left hippocampus in response to social exclusion (relative to the inclusion condition) than the healthy controls did. Lower recruitment of the left hippocampus in this contrast was associated with childhood maltreatment in patients with BPD. However, this difference was no longer significant when we added the covariate of hippocampal volume to the analysis. During social overinclusion (relative to the inclusion condition), we observed no significant differences in a group comparison of neural activation. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that patients with BPD experience more discomfort than do healthy controls during social interactions. Compared to healthy participants, patients with BPD reported more inner tension and unpleasant emotions, irrespective of the extent to which others included them in social interactions. At a neural level, the participants with BPD showed a lower recruitment of the left hippocampus in response to social exclusion than the healthy controls did. The reduced activation of this neural structure could be related to a history of childhood maltreatment and smaller hippocampal volume in patients with BPD.

• Keywords
• Borderline personality disorder, Cyberball paradigm, Rejection sensitivity, Social exclusion, Social overinclusion, fMRI,
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH