Immune checkpoints are critical in modulating immune responses and maintaining self-tolerance. Cancer cells can exploit these mechanisms to evade immune detection, making immune checkpoints attractive targets for cancer therapy. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed cancer treatment, with monoclonal antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 demonstrating clinical success. However, challenges such as immune-related adverse events, primary and acquired resistance, and high treatment costs persist. To address these challenges, it is essential to explore alternative strategies, including small-molecule and peptide-based inhibitors, aptamers, RNA-based therapies, gene-editing technologies, bispecific and multispecific agents, and cell-based therapies. Additionally, innovative approaches such as lysosome-targeting chimeras, proteolysis-targeting chimeras, and N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers are emerging as promising options for enhancing treatment effectiveness. This review highlights significant advancements in the field, focusing on their clinical implications and successes.

• Klíčová slova
• Cancer therapy, Immune checkpoint inhibitors, Immunotherapy, Monoclonal antibodies, Small molecules,
• MeSH
• imunoterapie metody   MeSH
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * terapeutické užití   farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• nádory * imunologie   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• inhibitory kontrolních bodů * MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky * MeSH