Physical properties of suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Escherichia coli (density, viscosity and surface tension) were measured in synthetic suspensions formed of centrifuged biomass and supernatants from various stages of batch cultivation in the range from 0 to 10% w/v for yeasts and from 0 to 0.25% w/v for bacteria. Surface tension was also measured in native suspensions in the range of 0 less than or equal to Cm less than or equal to 2.0% w/v. All single cell suspensions were found to be Newtonian in behaviour. Densities strictly obey the mixing law, viscosities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions were correlated by an empirical relation in dependence of Cm and t, surface tensions were correlated graphically for suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, since experiments with both microorganisms have shown that the previously published approximate correlation can safely be used.

• MeSH
• Candida * MeSH
• Densitometry MeSH
• Escherichia coli * MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Surface Tension MeSH
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae * MeSH
• Suspensions MeSH
• Viscosity MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Suspensions MeSH

Methods for the design of tubular fermentation systems are summarized. The first part, on tubular system hydrodynamics, is concerned with the design methods for gas hold-up, pressure drop, drop-size distribution and actual interfacial area, and with non-ideal flow conditions. This being a critical review, only the more important methods have been selected. More recent design methods for the prediction of oxygen transfer coefficients in fermentation systems and methods of determining of true kinetic relations are also reviewed, accounting for the inevitable non-ideality of flow. General rules for system optimization are presented.

• MeSH
• Bacteria metabolism   MeSH
• Models, Biological * MeSH
• Chemical Engineering * MeSH
• Fermentation * MeSH
• Fungi metabolism   MeSH
• Kinetics MeSH
• Gases MeSH
• Pressure MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Gases MeSH