The effects of a natural hormone hydrocortisone and of the synthetic corticoids dexamethasone and triamcinolone on several morphogenetic systems were investigated in 2, 3, 4 and 5 day-old chick embryos. Embryotoxic doses of the glucocorticoids were administered subgerminally on day 2, and intraamniotically on days 3, 4 and 5 of incubation. On the basis of morphological analysis of embryos performed on day 8 the malformation spectrum was determined, which shows nearly identical characteristics in all the corticoids under study. Morphogenetic systems of the body wall and face were affected most frequently; the eye only to a little extent, and the brain only rarely. No malformations of the limbs, trunk and heart were found. Embryolethal effect was observed approximately in a quarter of embryos of the individual experimental groups.
- MeSH
- abnormality vyvolané léky * MeSH
- břišní svaly účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- dexamethason toxicita MeSH
- hydrokortison toxicita MeSH
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- morfogeneze účinky léků MeSH
- mozek účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- obličej embryologie MeSH
- oči účinky léků embryologie MeSH
- triamcinolonacetonid toxicita MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- dexamethason MeSH
- hydrokortison MeSH
- triamcinolonacetonid MeSH
The majority of nodes of iliosacral lymphocenter are attached to the wall of a. iliaca communis dextra et sinistra from its origin to the rise of a. circumflexa ilium profunda. The total number of nodes of the lymphocenter ranges from 5 to 11, without any marked dextro-sinistral asymmetry. The size of nodes, as expressed by their length, showed a wide range from 1.5 to 20 mm and in more than one half of nodes it was 5 to 10 mm. The mass of individual nodes ranged from 1.7 to 98.9 mg and in one half of them was up to 20 mg. The total mass of all nodes of lymphocenter fluctuated individually from 131 to 340 mg with a slight asymmetry in favour of the right-hand side. Regarding a considerable positional variability of nodes the authors do not hold a further particularization of iliosacral lymphocenter for reliable and they consider the nodes under study to be a uniform topical group.
The collections of the Museum in the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, J. E. Purkynĕ University in Brno, include a skull of about 25 to 30-year-old individual with extreme microcephaly that has been so far described rarely in the morphological literature. The skull capacity is 355 cm3, which is only 26.1% of the skull capacity in a "normal" individual. While the facial skeleton is reduced only by 10-15% if compared with the norm, the cerebral part is striking by its extraordinarily small dimensions (smaller by 30-40% in comparison with the norm), particularly in the area of the frontal bone squama. The size of the skull is characterized best by the values of the basic metric measurements: maximal length of the skull 122 mm (norm: 172 mm), maximal breadth of the skull 94 mm (norm: 140 mm), height of the skull 96 mm (norm: 130 mm), circumference of the skull through the glabella 351 mm (norm: 510 mm). Foramen occipitale magnum is shifted strikingly to the dorsal direction. The cause of the microcephaly described cannot be explained explicitly just on the basis of the findings in the skull. For finding the actual cause a number of other data should be known. Authors' hypothesis that the problem is primary microcephaly has been supported even by roentgenological finding.
M. sphincter ani externus (MSAE) in the rat appears as a circular ring 1-1.25 mm in height and 250-350 microns thick, completed by a plate composed of longitudinal musculature in its posterior third. The main structures serving for the structural arrangement of MSAE are columns composed of longitudinal smooth musculature of the gut lining the posterior third of the anal circumference. Ventrally to the columns there are several structures in the MSAE showing fluent mutal transitions, namely the horshoe-like pars profunda, the ring-shaped pars superficialis and the pars subcutanea. The ends of the fibres of the horshoe shaped pars profunda join with the columns and pass along longitudinally to gradually replace the smooth musculature. The extension of the longitudinal muscle fibres of the columns upon the dorsal circumference leads to the development of the dorsal plate of MSAE. Some of the fibres of MSAE cross each other ventrally in the pars profunda and pars subcutanea, as well as dorsally in the pars subcutanea and in the area of longitudinally oriented fibres. Some fibres of MSAE are also fixed to the surrounding structures.
In the rat, m. anococcygeus appears as a paired smooth muscle. In the males the muscle divides into a dorsal and ventral part. The ventral parts from both sides embrace the rectum ventrocaudally, they join in front of the rectum and proceed in the septum scroti in a fan-like manner. The dorsal part of the muscle in males and the whole muscle in the females proceed caudally along the lateral gut circumference, gradually developing a fibromuscular plate, a cord adjoining the rectal wall. Caudally from the junction of MA, the longitudinal gut musculature is more abundant in the plate area, appearing as if extracted in the form of a longitudinal column. Directed towards the anus, a frontally oriented septum is formed from connective tissue emerging from the columns. The morphology of the muscle as described here permits to assume that MA in the females and its dorsal part in the males operates as a levator ani, the ventral part of the muscle in males operating as a levator - retractor scroti.
- MeSH
- hladké svalstvo anatomie a histologie MeSH
- inbrední kmeny potkanů anatomie a histologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- rektum MeSH
- sakrokokcygeální krajina MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Distribution, frequency and diameter of fiber types were ascertained in the thigh muscles of I, C, W and M chicken inbred lines. The iliotibialis posterior muscle is composed of FOG and FG types uniformly distributed over the whole muscle cross-section. Three fiber types are demonstrated in the sartorius and semimembranosus muscles. In the superficial regions, the FOG and FG types are present only. Avian SO type appears down into the depth of the muscles. The frequency of this type and FOG type gradually increases in this direction whereas the proportion of FG type decreases. Semimembranosus muscle shows generally higher percentage of FOG fibers and lower frequency of remaining two types. Differences between inbred lines in fiber type frequencies are mostly insignificant. However, the M line with the highest live and muscle weights shows larger fiber diameter of FG and FOG types than I, C and W lines.
- MeSH
- histocytochemie MeSH
- inbreeding MeSH
- kur domácí anatomie a histologie genetika MeSH
- stehno MeSH
- svaly anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
The pyridoindole derivative (DH 1011), a new antiarrhythmic agent, and quinidine were examined for teratogenic and embryotoxic activity in chick embryos. The tested substance was injected into egg albumen on incubation days 5, 6 or 7 in doses of 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 mg per egg. All embryos were examined on day 19. A significantly decreased survival rate of embryos was recorded only after the dose of 1.6 mg DH 1011 per egg administered on incubation day 5. Correlation between body and heart weight was found in all surviving embryos after administration of each agent on incubation days 5 and 6. Chondrodystrophy was the major deformity in chick embryos treated on incubation day 5. The results of this investigation suggest that neither quinidine nor DH 1011 have adverse effects on the late embryonal development of chickens.
- MeSH
- abnormality vyvolané léky * MeSH
- antiarytmika toxicita MeSH
- chinidin toxicita MeSH
- karboliny toxicita MeSH
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- lebka abnormality MeSH
- vrozené deformity končetin MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- kuřecí embryo účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- antiarytmika MeSH
- chinidin MeSH
- dicarbine MeSH Prohlížeč
- karboliny MeSH
The authors report on the simultaneous occurrence of short supernumerary muscles on the palmar and dorsal sides of an adult human hand. The supernumerary muscle on the palmar side of the hand took its origin from the tendon of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis in the distal third of the forearm, sharing its insertion with that of the m. lumbricalis primus, and taking its innervation from the n. medianus. With regard to its origin, the muscle may be a supernumerary belly of the m. flexor digitorum superficalis which failed to make its way to the forearm during development. With regard to its insertion, though, it can just as well represent a detached part of the m. lumbricalis primus whose tendon became attached to the m. flexor digitorum superficialis at the time of simultaneous development of those muscles of the hand. By their origin, insertion, innervation and position, the muscles on the dorsal side of the hand were identified, in part, as mm. interossei dorsales accessorii in the 2nd and 3rd intermetacarpal spaces which are constantly found in man as a developmental feature to become rudimentary in some cases later on, in part, as an anomalous m. extensor digitorum brevis of the 2nd and 3rd fingers.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- ruka anatomie a histologie MeSH
- svaly anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Experimental skeletal deformities produced in laboratory birds and in frog tadpoles and examined with Williams' technique (1943) suggest a selective inhibitory effect of various teratogens upon the vulnerable growth of peripheral nervous trunks. The exaggerated osteoneural growth differential resulting therefrom is compensated for by adaptive deformities (buckling, achondroplasic stunting, dislocation) of otherwise normally growing bones which, though independent of innervation under normal conditions, have to "respect" the growth insufficiency of the nervous trunks and to accommodate along them during the proximo-distal development of the limb, even at the cost of a gross deformity. The McCredie-McBride hypothesis, on the other hand, is aimed at explanation of skeletal defects by an early neuroskeletal (neurotrophic) disturbance within the limb bud. Aneurogenic limbs produced experimentally do not necessarily militate against the existence of neuroskeletal relations in the early limb bud postulated, above all, by the McCredie-McBride hypothesis. These relations have been firmly established during the phylogenetic history so that artificial aneurogenic limb, never evolved by Nature, may grow up by (phylo)genetic inertia even without any neural involvement during the individual ontogenesis.
- MeSH
- kosti a kostní tkáň abnormality MeSH
- periferní nervy abnormality MeSH
- ptáci embryologie MeSH
- Rana temporaria embryologie MeSH
- vrozené deformity končetin * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
In 12 skeletal muscles of adult miniature pigs histochemical fiber type analysis was performed. Longissimus dorsi, psoas major, diaphragm and fore- and hind-limb muscles were composed from SO, FOG and FG fiber types showing characteristic clump distribution. The muscles differed in the first place by the frequencies of SO and FG types (7-70% and 19-79% respectively); the proportion of FOG type varied considerably less (10-32%). On the other hand in the masseter muscle only SO and FOG types with a mosaic distribution were demonstrated (28% and 72% respectively). In the majority of muscles the prevailing fiber type has also the largest diameter, but the differences between individual types were mostly insignificant. The largest diameter was found in the masseter muscle fibers--around 70 microns, which is 20-30 microns more than in the other muscles.
- MeSH
- histocytochemie MeSH
- miniaturní prasata anatomie a histologie MeSH
- prasata MeSH
- svaly analýza anatomie a histologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
