INTRODUCTION: Data on age-related differences in rejection rates, infectious episodes, and tacrolimus exposure in pediatric kidney transplant recipients (pKTRs) on a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen are scarce. METHODS: We performed a large-scale analysis of 802 pKTRs from the Cooperative European Paediatric Renal Transplant Initiative (CERTAIN) registry from 40 centers in 14 countries. The inclusion criteria were a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen and at least 2 years of follow-up. The patient population was divided into 3 age groups (infants and young children aged <6 years, school-aged children 6-12 years, and adolescents aged >12 years) to assess age-related differences in outcome. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 48 months (interquartile range [IQR], 36-72). Within the first 2 years posttransplant, infants, and young children had a significantly higher incidence of infections (80.6% vs. 55.0% in adolescents, P < 0.001) and a significantly higher number of cumulative hospital days (median 13 days vs. 7 days in adolescents, P < 0.001). Adolescents had a significantly higher rate of biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes in the first-year posttransplant (21.7%) than infants and young children (12.6%, P = 0.007). Infants and young children had significantly lower tacrolimus trough levels, lower tacrolimus concentration-to-dose (C/D) ratios as an approximation for higher tacrolimus clearance, and higher tacrolimus interpatient variability (TacIPV) (all P < 0.01) than adolescents. CONCLUSION: This is the largest study to date in European pKTRs on a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen, and it shows important age-related differences in rejection rates, infection episodes, as well as tacrolimus exposure and clearance. This data suggests that immunosuppressive therapy in pKTRs should be tailored and personalized according to the age-specific risk profiles of this heterogeneous patient population. The data may serve as a benchmark for future studies with novel immunosuppressive drugs.

• Klíčová slova
• allograft rejection, hospitalization, infection, pediatric kidney transplantation, tacrolimus,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The unphysiological composition of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids induces progressive peritoneal fibrosis, hypervascularization and vasculopathy. Information on these alterations after kidney transplantation (KTx) is scant. METHODS: Parietal peritoneal tissues were obtained from 81 pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 (CKD5), 72 children on PD with low glucose degradation product (GDP) PD fluids, and from 20 children 4-8 weeks after KTx and preceding low-GDP PD. Tissues were analyzed by digital histomorphometry and quantitative immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: While chronic PD was associated with peritoneal hypervascularization, after KTx vascularization was comparable to CKD5 level. Submesothelial CD45 counts were 40% lower compared with PD, and in multivariable analyses independently associated with microvessel density. In contrast, peritoneal mesothelial denudation, submesothelial thickness and fibrin abundance, number of activated, submesothelial fibroblasts and of mesothelial-mesenchymal transitioned cells were similar after KTx. Diffuse peritoneal podoplanin positivity was present in 40% of the transplanted patients. In subgroups matched for age, PD vintage, dialytic glucose exposure and peritonitis incidence, submesothelial hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha abundance and angiopoietin 1/2 ratio were lower after KTx, reflecting vessel maturation, while arteriolar and microvessel p16 and cleaved Casp3 were higher. Submesothelial mast cell count and interleukin-6 were lower, whereas transforming growth factor-beta induced pSMAD2/3 was similar as compared with children on PD. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal membrane damage induced with chronic administration of low-GDP PD fluids was less severe after KTx. While peritoneal microvessel density, primarily defining PD transport and ultrafiltration capacity, was normal after KTx and peritoneal inflammation less pronounced, diffuse podoplanin positivity and profibrotic activity were prevalent.

• Klíčová slova
• chronic kidney disease, kidney transplantation, pediatric, peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal membrane,
• MeSH
• chronické selhání ledvin * chirurgie   metabolismus   MeSH
• dialýza ledvin MeSH
• dialyzační roztoky metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• peritoneální dialýza * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• peritoneum metabolismus   MeSH
• peritonitida * metabolismus   MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• dialyzační roztoky MeSH
• glukosa MeSH

BACKGROUND: Data on comorbidities in children on kidney replacement therapy (KRT) are scarce. Considering their high relevance for prognosis and treatment, this study aims to analyse the prevalence and implications of comorbidities in European children on KRT. METHODS: We included data from patients <20 years of age when commencing KRT from 2007 to 2017 from 22 European countries within the European Society of Paediatric Nephrology/European Renal Association Registry. Differences between patients with and without comorbidities in access to kidney transplantation (KT) and patient and graft survival were estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Comorbidities were present in 33% of the 4127 children commencing KRT and the prevalence has steadily increased by 5% annually since 2007. Comorbidities were most frequent in high-income countries (43% versus 24% in low-income countries and 33% in middle-income countries). Patients with comorbidities had a lower access to transplantation {adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.74]} and a higher risk of death [aHR 1.79 (95% CI 1.38-2.32)]. The increased mortality was only seen in dialysis patients [aHR 1.60 (95% CI 1.21-2.13)], and not after KT. For both outcomes, the impact of comorbidities was stronger in low-income countries. Graft survival was not affected by the presence of comorbidities [aHR for 5-year graft failure 1.18 (95% CI 0.84-1.65)]. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities have become more frequent in children on KRT and reduce their access to transplantation and survival, especially when remaining on dialysis. KT should be considered as an option in all paediatric KRT patients and efforts should be made to identify modifiable barriers to KT for children with comorbidities.

• Klíčová slova
• children, chronic kidney disease, comorbidities, epidemiology, kidney transplantation,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Recurrence of primary disease is one of the major risks for allograft loss after pediatric RTx. The risk of recurrence of FSGS/SRNS after pediatric RTx in particular can be up to 86% in idiopathic cases. There is a need for consensus recommendations on its prevention and treatment. The CERTAIN study group has therefore performed a thorough literature search based on the PICO model of clinical questions to formulate educated statements to guide the clinician in the process of decision-making. A set of educated statements on prevention and treatment of FSGS/SRNS after pediatric RTx has been generated after careful evaluation of available evidence and thorough panel discussion. We do not recommend routine nephrectomy prior to transplantation; neither do we recommend abstaining from living donation. Special attendance needs to be given to those patients who had already experienced graft loss due to FSGS/SRNS recurrence. Early PE or IA with or without high-dose CsA and/or rituximab seems to be most promising to induce remission. The educated statements presented here acknowledge that FSGS/SRNS recurrence after pediatric RTx remains a major concern and is associated with shorter graft survival or even graft loss. The value of any recommendation needs to take into account that evidence is based on cohorts that differ in ethnicity, pre-transplant history, immunosuppressive regimen, definition of recurrence (eg, clinical and/or histological diagnosis) and treatment modalities of recurrence.

• Klíčová slova
• children, focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis, recurrence, renal transplantation, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,
• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fokálně segmentální glomeruloskleróza prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• glukokortikoidy terapeutické užití   MeSH
• léková rezistence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nefrotický syndrom prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• recidiva MeSH
• směrnice pro lékařskou praxi jako téma MeSH
• transplantace ledvin * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• konsensus - konference MeSH
• Názvy látek
• glukokortikoidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: High prevalence of arterial hypertension is known in pediatric renal transplant patients, but how blood pressure (BP) distribution and control differ between age groups and whether sex and age interact and potentially impact BP after transplantation have not been investigated. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 336 pediatric renal transplant recipients (62% males) from the Cooperative European Pediatric Renal Transplant Initiative Registry (CERTAIN) with complete BP measurement at discharge and 1, 2 and 3 years post-transplant. RESULTS: At discharge and 3 years post-transplant, arterial hypertension was highly prevalent (84% and 77%); antihypertensive drugs were used in 73% and 68% of the patients. 27% suffered from uncontrolled and 9% from untreated hypertension at 3 years post-transplant. Children transplanted at age < 5 years showed sustained high systolic BP z-score and received consistently less antihypertensive treatment over time. Younger age, shorter time since transplantation, male sex, higher body mass index (BMI), high cyclosporine A (CSA) trough levels, and a primary renal disease other than congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) were significantly associated with higher systolic BP z-score. Sex-stratified analysis revealed a significant association between high CSA and higher systolic BP in older girls that likely had started puberty already. An association between BP and estimated glomerular filtration rate was not detected. CONCLUSIONS: BP control during the first 3 years was poor in this large European cohort. The description of age- and sex-specific risk profiles identified certain recipient groups that may benefit from more frequent BP monitoring (i.e. young children) or different choices of immunosuppression (i.e. older girls).

• Klíčová slova
• Children, Cyclosporine, Hypertension, Immunosuppression, Kidney transplantation, Sex differences,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• cyklosporin aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hypertenze diagnóza   epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• imunosupresiva aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• měření krevního tlaku statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• příjemce transplantátu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• registrace statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• rejekce štěpu imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• takrolimus aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• transplantace ledvin škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cyklosporin MeSH
• imunosupresiva MeSH
• takrolimus MeSH

BACKGROUND: HNF1B gene mutations are an important cause of bilateral (cystic) dysplasia in children, complicated by chronic renal insufficiency. The clinical variability, the absence of genotype-phenotype correlations, and limited long-term data render counseling of affected families difficult. METHODS: Longitudinal data of 62 children probands with genetically proven HNF1B nephropathy was obtained in a multicenter approach. Genetic family cascade screening was performed in 30/62 cases. RESULTS: Eighty-seven percent of patients had bilateral dysplasia, 74% visible bilateral, and 16% unilateral renal cysts at the end of observation. Cyst development was non-progressive in 72% with a mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss of - 0.33 ml/min/1.73m2 per year (± 8.9). In patients with an increase in cyst number, the annual GFR reduction was - 2.8 ml/min/1.73m2 (± 13.2), in the total cohort - 1.0 ml/min/1.73m2 (±10.3). A subset of HNF1B patients differs from this group and develops end stage renal disease (ESRD) at very early ages < 2 years. Hyperuricemia (37%) was a frequent finding at young age (median 1 year), whereas hypomagnesemia (24%), elevated liver enzymes (21%), and hyperglycemia (8%) showed an increased incidence in the teenaged child. Genetic analysis revealed no genotype-phenotype correlations but a significant parent-of-origin effect with a preponderance of 81% of maternal inheritance in dominant cases. CONCLUSIONS: In most children, HNF1B nephropathy has a non-progressive course of cyst development and a slow-progressive course of kidney function. A subgroup of patients developed ESRD at very young age < 2 years requiring special medical attention. The parent-of-origin effect suggests an influence of epigenetic modifiers in HNF1B disease.

• Klíčová slova
• Cystic kidney disease, GFR decline, HNF1B, Hypomagnesemia, MODY,
• MeSH
• chronické selhání ledvin genetika   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• genetické asociační studie MeSH
• hepatocytární jaderný faktor 1-beta genetika   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• polycystická choroba ledvin genetika   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH
• Názvy látek
• hepatocytární jaderný faktor 1-beta MeSH
• HNF1B protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč

IMPORTANCE: Conventional methods to diagnose and monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children, such as creatinine level and cystatin C-derived estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and assessment of proteinuria in spot or timed urine samples, are of limited value in identifying patients at risk of progressive kidney function loss. Serum soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) levels strongly predict incident CKD stage 3 in adults. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elevated suPAR levels are associated with renal disease progression in children with CKD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Post hoc analysis of 2 prospectively followed up pediatric CKD cohorts, ie, the ESCAPE Trial (1999-2007) and the 4C Study (2010-2016), with serum suPAR level measured at enrollment and longitudinal eGFR measured prospectively. In the 2 trials, a total of 898 children were observed at 30 (ESCAPE Trial; n = 256) and 55 (4C Study; n = 642) tertiary care hospitals in 13 European countries. Renal diagnoses included congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (n = 637 [70.9%]), tubulointerstitial nephropathies (n = 92 [10.2%]), glomerulopathies (n = 69 [7.7%]), postischemic CKD (n = 42 [4.7%]), and other CKD (n = 58 [6.5%]). Total follow-up duration was up to 7.9 years, and median follow-up was 3.1 years. Analyses were conducted from October 2016 to December 2016. EXPOSURES: Serum suPAR level was measured at enrollment, and eGFR was measured every 2 months in the ESCAPE Trial and every 6 months in the 4C Study. The primary end point of CKD progression was a composite of 50% eGFR loss, eGFR less than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2, or initiation of renal replacement therapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary end point in this study was renal survival, defined as a composite of 50% loss of GFR that persisted for at least 1 month, the start of renal replacement therapy, or an eGFR less than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2. RESULTS: Of the 898 included children, 560 (62.4%) were male, and the mean (SD) patient age at enrollment was 11.9 (3.5) years. The mean (SD) eGFR was 34 (16) mL/min/1.73 m2. The 5-year end point-free renal survival was 64.5% (95% CI, 57.4-71.7) in children with suPAR levels in the lowest quartile compared with 35.9% (95% CI, 28.7-43.0) in those in the highest quartile (P < .001). By multivariable analysis, the risk of attaining the end point was higher in children with glomerulopathies and increased with age, blood pressure, proteinuria, and lower eGFR at baseline. In patients with baseline eGFR greater than 40 mL/min/1.73 m2, higher log-transformed suPAR levels were associated with a higher risk of CKD progression after adjustment for traditional risk factors (hazard ratio, 5.12; 95% CI, 1.56-16.7; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Patients with high suPAR levels were more likely to have progression of their kidney disease. Further studies should determine whether suPAR levels can identify children at risk for future CKD.

• MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience krev   diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• náhrada funkce ledvin MeSH
• následné studie MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• receptory urokinázového aktivátoru plazminogenu krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• biologické markery MeSH
• receptory urokinázového aktivátoru plazminogenu MeSH